astro/docs/renderers.md

🪄 Renderers

Astro is able to render React, Svelte, Vue, and Preact components out of the box. This is because Astro's default configuration relies on renderers for those frameworks.

If you'd like to add support for another framework, you can build a renderer plugin using the same interface as Astro's official renderers.

What is a renderer?

A renderer is an NPM package that has two responsiblities—the first is to render a component to a static string of HTML at build time and the second is to rehydrate that HTML to an interactive component on the client.

Without getting too much further, it might be helpful to take a look at Astro's built-in renderers. We'll go into more detail in the following sections.

Enabling a new renderer

To enable a new renderer, add the dependency to your project and update the renderers array to include it.

 export default {
   renderers: [
+    'my-custom-renderer',
     '@astrojs/renderer-svelte',
     '@astrojs/renderer-vue',
     '@astrojs/renderer-react',
     '@astrojs/renderer-preact',
   ],
 }

Building a new renderer

A simple renderer only needs a few files.

/renderer-xxx/
├── package.json
├── index.js
├── server.js
└── client.js

Two quick notes before we dive into these files individually.

1. We'd love for you to contribute any renderer you build directly to the Astro repo. This will allow us to publish it under @astrojs/renderer-xxx! Feel free to open a pull request.
2. Your renderer doesn't need to be written in ESM, but it's pretty straightforward! Add "type": "module" to your package.json file and be sure to define a valid export map.

Renderer Entrypoint (index.js)

The main entrypoint of a renderer is a simple JS file which exports a manifest for the renderer. The required values are name, server, and client.

Additionally, this entrypoint can optionally define a Snowpack plugin that should be used to load non-JavaScript files.

export default {
  name: '@astrojs/renderer-xxx', // the renderer name
  client: './client.js', // relative path to the client entrypoint
  server: './server.js', // relative path to the server entrypoint
  snowpackPlugin: '@snowpack/plugin-xxx', // optional, the name of a snowpack plugin to inject
  snowpackPluginOptions: { example: true }, // optional, any options to be forwarded to the snowpack plugin
};

Server entrypoint (server.js)

The server entrypoint of a renderer is responsible for checking if a component should use this renderer, and if so, how that component should be rendered to a string of static HTML.

export default {
  // should Component use this renderer?
  check(Component, props, childHTML) {},
  // Component => string of static HTML
  renderToStaticMarkup(Component, props, childHTML) {},
};

check

check is a function that determines whether a Component should be "claimed" by this renderer.

In it's simplest form, it can check for the existence of a flag on Object-based components.

function check(Component) {
  return Component.isMyFrameworkComponent;
}

In more complex scenarios, like when a Component is a Function without any flags, you may need to use try/catch to attempt a full render. This result is cached so that it only runs once per-component.

function check(Component, props, childHTML) {
  try {
    const { html } = renderToStaticMarkup(Component, props, childHTML);
    return Boolean(html);
  } catch (e) {}
  return false;
}

renderToStaticMarkup

renderToStaticMarkup is a function that renders a Component to a static string of HTML. There's usually a method exported by frameworks named something like renderToString.

import { renderToString } from 'xxx';

function renderToStaticMarkup(Component, props, childHTML) {
  const html = renderToString(h(Component, { ...props, innerHTML: childHTML }));
  return { html };
}

Note that childHTML is an HTML string representing this component's children. If your framework does not support rendering HTML directly, you are welcome to use a wrapper component. By convention, Astro uses the astro-fragment custom element to inject childHTML into. Your renderer should use that, too.

import { h, renderToString } from 'xxx';

const Wrapper = ({ value }) => h('astro-fragment', { dangerouslySetInnerHTML: { __html: value } });

function renderToStaticMarkup(Component, props, childHTML) {
  const html = renderToString(h(Component, props, h(Wrapper, { value: childHTML })));
  return { html };
}

Client entrypoint (client.js)

The client entrypoint of a renderer is responsible for rehydrating static HTML (the result of renderToStaticMarkup) back into a fully interactive component. Its default export should be a function which accepts the host element of the Component, an astro-root custom element.

If your framework supports non-destructive component hydration (as opposed to a destructive render method), be sure to use that! Following your framework's Server Side Rendering (SSR) guide should point you in the right direction.

import { hydrate } from 'xxx';

export default (element) => {
  return (Component, props, childHTML) => {
    hydrate(h(Component, { ...props, innerHTML: childHTML }), element);
  };
};

Note that childHTML is an HTML string representing this component's children. If your framework does not support rendering HTML directly, you should use the same wrapper component you used for the server entrypoint.

import { h, hydrate } from 'xxx';
import SharedWrapper from './SharedWrapper.js';

export default (element) => {
  return (Component, props, childHTML) => {
    hydrate(h(Component, props, h(SharedWrapper, { value: childHTML })), element);
  };
};