diff --git a/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts b/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts
index 71c2b4143..8e5528400 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* eslint-disable sql/no-unsafe-query */
-import { UserUpdate, Users } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { CreateUser, Users } from '@logto/schemas';
 import decamelize from 'decamelize';
 
 import RequestError from '@/errors/RequestError';
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('buildInsertInto()', () => {
   });
 
   it('resolves a promise with single entity when `returning` is true', async () => {
-    const user: UserUpdate = { id: 'foo', username: '123', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' };
+    const user: CreateUser = { id: 'foo', username: '123', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' };
     const pool = createTestPool(
       [...expectInsertIntoSql, 'returning *'].join('\n'),
       (_, [id, username, primaryEmail]) => ({
diff --git a/packages/core/src/database/update-where.test.ts b/packages/core/src/database/update-where.test.ts
index 65d1cf9ba..1f9553e24 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/database/update-where.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/database/update-where.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { UserUpdate, Users } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { CreateUser, Users } from '@logto/schemas';
 
 import RequestError from '@/errors/RequestError';
 import { createTestPool } from '@/utils/test-utils';
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('buildUpdateWhere()', () => {
   });
 
   it('resolves a promise with single entity when `returning` is true', async () => {
-    const user: UserUpdate = { id: 'foo', username: '123', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' };
+    const user: CreateUser = { id: 'foo', username: '123', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' };
     const pool = createTestPool(
       'update "users"\nset "username"=$1, "primary_email"=$2\nwhere "id"=$3\nreturning *',
       (_, [username, primaryEmail, id]) => ({
diff --git a/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts b/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts
index 96477ac41..434cec3e5 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ApplicationUpdate } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { CreateApplication } from '@logto/schemas';
 import dayjs from 'dayjs';
 import { AdapterFactory, AllClientMetadata } from 'oidc-provider';
 import snakecaseKeys from 'snakecase-keys';
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ export default function postgresAdapter(modelName: string): ReturnType<AdapterFa
       type,
       oidcClientMetadata,
       customClientMetadata,
-    }: ApplicationUpdate): AllClientMetadata => ({
+    }: CreateApplication): AllClientMetadata => ({
       client_id,
       client_name,
       application_type: getApplicationTypeString(type),
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/application.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/application.ts
index 864d4b3e9..6cf8596b7 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/application.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/application.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Application, ApplicationUpdate, Applications } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { Application, CreateApplication, Applications } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import { buildFindMany } from '@/database/find-many';
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ const { table, fields } = convertToIdentifiers(Applications);
 
 export const findTotalNumberOfApplications = async () => getTotalRowCount(table);
 
-const findApplicationMany = buildFindMany<ApplicationUpdate, Application>(pool, Applications);
+const findApplicationMany = buildFindMany<CreateApplication, Application>(pool, Applications);
 
 export const findAllApplications = async (limit: number, offset: number) =>
   findApplicationMany({ limit, offset });
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ export const findApplicationById = async (id: string) =>
     where ${fields.id}=${id}
   `);
 
-export const insertApplication = buildInsertInto<ApplicationUpdate, Application>(
+export const insertApplication = buildInsertInto<CreateApplication, Application>(
   pool,
   Applications,
   {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ export const insertApplication = buildInsertInto<ApplicationUpdate, Application>
   }
 );
 
-const updateApplication = buildUpdateWhere<ApplicationUpdate, Application>(
+const updateApplication = buildUpdateWhere<CreateApplication, Application>(
   pool,
   Applications,
   true
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const updateApplication = buildUpdateWhere<ApplicationUpdate, Application>(
 
 export const updateApplicationById = async (
   id: string,
-  set: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<ApplicationUpdate>>
+  set: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<CreateApplication>>
 ) => updateApplication({ set, where: { id } });
 
 export const deleteApplicationById = async (id: string) => {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/connector.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/connector.ts
index ee995d29d..211554beb 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/connector.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/connector.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Connector, ConnectorUpdate, Connectors, ConnectorType } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { Connector, CreateConnector, Connectors, ConnectorType } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import { buildInsertInto } from '@/database/insert-into';
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ export const findConnectorByIdAndType = async (id: string, type: ConnectorType)
     where ${fields.id}=${id} and ${fields.type}=${type}
   `);
 
-export const insertConnector = buildInsertInto<ConnectorUpdate, Connector>(pool, Connectors, {
+export const insertConnector = buildInsertInto<CreateConnector, Connector>(pool, Connectors, {
   returning: true,
 });
 
-export const updateConnector = buildUpdateWhere<ConnectorUpdate>(pool, Connectors);
+export const updateConnector = buildUpdateWhere<CreateConnector>(pool, Connectors);
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/oidc-model-instance.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/oidc-model-instance.ts
index 75891982a..f663d92cb 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/oidc-model-instance.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/oidc-model-instance.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import {
   OidcModelInstance,
-  OidcModelInstanceUpdate,
+  CreateOidcModelInstance,
   OidcModelInstancePayload,
   OidcModelInstances,
 } from '@logto/schemas';
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ const withConsumed = <T>(data: T, consumedAt?: number | null): WithConsumed<T> =
 const convertResult = (result: QueryResult | null) =>
   conditional(result && withConsumed(result.payload, result.consumedAt));
 
-export const upsertInstance = buildInsertInto<OidcModelInstanceUpdate>(pool, OidcModelInstances, {
+export const upsertInstance = buildInsertInto<CreateOidcModelInstance>(pool, OidcModelInstances, {
   onConflict: {
     fields: [fields.modelName, fields.id],
     setExcludedFields: [fields.payload, fields.expiresAt],
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/resource.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/resource.ts
index 893ba10e4..8a986f672 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/resource.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/resource.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Resource, ResourceUpdate, Resources } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { Resource, CreateResource, Resources } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import { buildFindMany } from '@/database/find-many';
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ const { table, fields } = convertToIdentifiers(Resources);
 
 export const findTotalNumberOfResources = async () => getTotalRowCount(table);
 
-const findResourcesMany = buildFindMany<ResourceUpdate, Resource>(pool, Resources);
+const findResourcesMany = buildFindMany<CreateResource, Resource>(pool, Resources);
 
 export const findAllResources = async (limit: number, offset: number) =>
   findResourcesMany({ limit, offset });
@@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ export const findResourceById = async (id: string) =>
     where ${fields.id}=${id}
   `);
 
-export const insertResource = buildInsertInto<ResourceUpdate, Resource>(pool, Resources, {
+export const insertResource = buildInsertInto<CreateResource, Resource>(pool, Resources, {
   returning: true,
 });
 
-const updateResource = buildUpdateWhere<ResourceUpdate, Resource>(pool, Resources, true);
+const updateResource = buildUpdateWhere<CreateResource, Resource>(pool, Resources, true);
 
 export const updateResourceById = async (
   id: string,
-  set: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<ResourceUpdate>>
+  set: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<CreateResource>>
 ) => updateResource({ set, where: { id } });
 
 export const deleteResourceById = async (id: string) => {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/scope.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/scope.ts
index c567d6517..aac44808f 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/scope.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/scope.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ResourceScope, ResourceScopeUpdate, ResourceScopes } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { ResourceScope, CreateResourceScope, ResourceScopes } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import { buildInsertInto } from '@/database/insert-into';
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ export const findAllScopesWithResourceId = async (resourceId: string) =>
     where ${fields.resourceId}=${resourceId}
   `);
 
-export const insertScope = buildInsertInto<ResourceScopeUpdate, ResourceScope>(
+export const insertScope = buildInsertInto<CreateResourceScope, ResourceScope>(
   pool,
   ResourceScopes,
   {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/setting.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/setting.ts
index 62a3c80f6..512dfc1f6 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/setting.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/setting.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Setting, SettingUpdate, Settings } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { Setting, CreateSetting, Settings } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import pool from '@/database/pool';
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ export const getSetting = async () =>
     where ${fields.id}=${defaultSettingId}
   `);
 
-export const updateSetting = async (setting: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<SettingUpdate>>) => {
-  return buildUpdateWhere<SettingUpdate, Setting>(
+export const updateSetting = async (setting: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<CreateSetting>>) => {
+  return buildUpdateWhere<CreateSetting, Setting>(
     pool,
     Settings,
     true
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/user-log.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/user-log.ts
index e8ee2862d..e4b8b7e97 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/user-log.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/user-log.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { UserLogUpdate, UserLogs } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { CreateUserLog, UserLogs } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import { buildInsertInto } from '@/database/insert-into';
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ import { convertToIdentifiers } from '@/database/utils';
 
 const { table, fields } = convertToIdentifiers(UserLogs);
 
-export const insertUserLog = buildInsertInto<UserLogUpdate>(pool, UserLogs);
+export const insertUserLog = buildInsertInto<CreateUserLog>(pool, UserLogs);
 
 export const findLogsByUserId = async (userId: string) =>
-  pool.many<UserLogUpdate>(sql`
+  pool.many<CreateUserLog>(sql`
     select ${sql.join(Object.values(fields), sql`,`)}
     from ${table}
     where ${fields.userId}=${userId}
diff --git a/packages/core/src/queries/user.ts b/packages/core/src/queries/user.ts
index 428dc4d8e..4bfbf446d 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/queries/user.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/queries/user.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { User, UserUpdate, Users } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { User, CreateUser, Users } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import { buildInsertInto } from '@/database/insert-into';
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export const hasUserWithId = async (id: string) =>
     where ${fields.id}=${id}
   `);
 
-export const insertUser = buildInsertInto<UserUpdate, User>(pool, Users, { returning: true });
+export const insertUser = buildInsertInto<CreateUser, User>(pool, Users, { returning: true });
 
 export const findAllUsers = async () =>
   pool.many<User>(sql`
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ export const findAllUsers = async () =>
     from ${table}
   `);
 
-const updateUser = buildUpdateWhere<UserUpdate, User>(pool, Users, true);
+const updateUser = buildUpdateWhere<CreateUser, User>(pool, Users, true);
 
-export const updateUserById = async (id: string, set: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<UserUpdate>>) =>
+export const updateUserById = async (id: string, set: Partial<OmitAutoSetFields<CreateUser>>) =>
   updateUser({ set, where: { id } });
 
 export const deleteUserById = async (id: string) => {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/routes/application.ts b/packages/core/src/routes/application.ts
index 615cb9b71..0f72649e6 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/routes/application.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/routes/application.ts
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ export default function applicationRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(router: T) {
   router.post(
     '/applications',
     koaGuard({
-      body: Applications.guard
+      body: Applications.createGuard
         .omit({ id: true, createdAt: true })
         .partial()
-        .merge(Applications.guard.pick({ name: true, type: true })),
+        .merge(Applications.createGuard.pick({ name: true, type: true })),
     }),
     async (ctx, next) => {
       const { name, type, oidcClientMetadata, ...rest } = ctx.guard.body;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export default function applicationRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(router: T) {
     '/applications/:id',
     koaGuard({
       params: object({ id: string().min(1) }),
-      body: Applications.guard.omit({ id: true, createdAt: true }).partial(),
+      body: Applications.createGuard.omit({ id: true, createdAt: true }).partial(),
     }),
     async (ctx, next) => {
       const {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/routes/resource.ts b/packages/core/src/routes/resource.ts
index bea38428a..e6d9bf9b5 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/routes/resource.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/routes/resource.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export default function resourceRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(router: T) {
   router.post(
     '/resources',
     koaGuard({
-      body: Resources.guard.omit({ id: true }),
+      body: Resources.createGuard.omit({ id: true }),
     }),
     async (ctx, next) => {
       const resource = await insertResource({
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export default function resourceRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(router: T) {
     '/resources/:id',
     koaGuard({
       params: object({ id: string().min(1) }),
-      body: Resources.guard.omit({ id: true }).partial(),
+      body: Resources.createGuard.omit({ id: true }).partial(),
     }),
     async (ctx, next) => {
       const {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/routes/setting.ts b/packages/core/src/routes/setting.ts
index 7de9c488b..3560c2a54 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/routes/setting.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/routes/setting.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export default function settingRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(router: T) {
   router.patch(
     '/settings',
     koaGuard({
-      body: Settings.guard.omit({ id: true }).partial(),
+      body: Settings.createGuard.omit({ id: true }).partial(),
     }),
     async (ctx, next) => {
       const { body: setting } = ctx.guard;
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/application.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/application.ts
index 610e8bc94..0836d8b1d 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/application.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/application.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from '../foundations';
 import { ApplicationType } from './custom-types';
 
-export type ApplicationUpdate = {
+export type CreateApplication = {
   id: string;
   name: string;
   description?: string | null;
@@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ export type Application = {
   createdAt: number;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<ApplicationUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateApplication> = z.object({
   id: z.string(),
   name: z.string(),
-  description: z.string().optional(),
+  description: z.string().nullable().optional(),
   type: z.nativeEnum(ApplicationType),
   oidcClientMetadata: oidcClientMetadataGuard,
   customClientMetadata: customClientMetadataGuard.optional(),
   createdAt: z.number().optional(),
 });
 
-export const Applications: GeneratedSchema<ApplicationUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const Applications: GeneratedSchema<CreateApplication> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'applications',
   tableSingular: 'application',
   fields: {
@@ -63,5 +63,5 @@ export const Applications: GeneratedSchema<ApplicationUpdate> = Object.freeze({
     'customClientMetadata',
     'createdAt',
   ],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/connector.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/connector.ts
index 0f6f0f74f..cadf6e525 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/connector.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/connector.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import { ConnectorConfig, connectorConfigGuard, GeneratedSchema, Guard } from '../foundations';
 import { ConnectorType } from './custom-types';
 
-export type ConnectorUpdate = {
+export type CreateConnector = {
   id: string;
   enabled?: boolean;
   type: ConnectorType;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export type Connector = {
   createdAt: number;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<ConnectorUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateConnector> = z.object({
   id: z.string(),
   enabled: z.boolean().optional(),
   type: z.nativeEnum(ConnectorType),
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const guard: Guard<ConnectorUpdate> = z.object({
   createdAt: z.number().optional(),
 });
 
-export const Connectors: GeneratedSchema<ConnectorUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const Connectors: GeneratedSchema<CreateConnector> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'connectors',
   tableSingular: 'connector',
   fields: {
@@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ export const Connectors: GeneratedSchema<ConnectorUpdate> = Object.freeze({
     createdAt: 'created_at',
   },
   fieldKeys: ['id', 'enabled', 'type', 'config', 'createdAt'],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/oidc-model-instance.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/oidc-model-instance.ts
index e021083e6..d37730a91 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/oidc-model-instance.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/oidc-model-instance.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   Guard,
 } from '../foundations';
 
-export type OidcModelInstanceUpdate = {
+export type CreateOidcModelInstance = {
   modelName: string;
   id: string;
   payload: OidcModelInstancePayload;
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ export type OidcModelInstance = {
   consumedAt: number | null;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<OidcModelInstanceUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateOidcModelInstance> = z.object({
   modelName: z.string(),
   id: z.string(),
   payload: oidcModelInstancePayloadGuard,
   expiresAt: z.number(),
-  consumedAt: z.number().optional(),
+  consumedAt: z.number().nullable().optional(),
 });
 
-export const OidcModelInstances: GeneratedSchema<OidcModelInstanceUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const OidcModelInstances: GeneratedSchema<CreateOidcModelInstance> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'oidc_model_instances',
   tableSingular: 'oidc_model_instance',
   fields: {
@@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ export const OidcModelInstances: GeneratedSchema<OidcModelInstanceUpdate> = Obje
     consumedAt: 'consumed_at',
   },
   fieldKeys: ['modelName', 'id', 'payload', 'expiresAt', 'consumedAt'],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource-scope.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource-scope.ts
index 2e0a39b43..8ac901f4f 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource-scope.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource-scope.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { GeneratedSchema, Guard } from '../foundations';
 
-export type ResourceScopeUpdate = {
+export type CreateResourceScope = {
   id: string;
   name: string;
   description: string;
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ export type ResourceScope = {
   resourceId: string;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<ResourceScopeUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateResourceScope> = z.object({
   id: z.string(),
   name: z.string(),
   description: z.string(),
   resourceId: z.string(),
 });
 
-export const ResourceScopes: GeneratedSchema<ResourceScopeUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const ResourceScopes: GeneratedSchema<CreateResourceScope> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'resource_scopes',
   tableSingular: 'resource_scope',
   fields: {
@@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ export const ResourceScopes: GeneratedSchema<ResourceScopeUpdate> = Object.freez
     resourceId: 'resource_id',
   },
   fieldKeys: ['id', 'name', 'description', 'resourceId'],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource.ts
index efe473f1d..bdc67a893 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/resource.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { GeneratedSchema, Guard } from '../foundations';
 
-export type ResourceUpdate = {
+export type CreateResource = {
   id: string;
   name: string;
   identifier: string;
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ export type Resource = {
   accessTokenTtl: number;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<ResourceUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateResource> = z.object({
   id: z.string(),
   name: z.string(),
   identifier: z.string(),
   accessTokenTtl: z.number().optional(),
 });
 
-export const Resources: GeneratedSchema<ResourceUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const Resources: GeneratedSchema<CreateResource> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'resources',
   tableSingular: 'resource',
   fields: {
@@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ export const Resources: GeneratedSchema<ResourceUpdate> = Object.freeze({
     accessTokenTtl: 'access_token_ttl',
   },
   fieldKeys: ['id', 'name', 'identifier', 'accessTokenTtl'],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/setting.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/setting.ts
index cf9c98a66..b1b4081eb 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/setting.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/setting.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   Guard,
 } from '../foundations';
 
-export type SettingUpdate = {
+export type CreateSetting = {
   id: string;
   customDomain?: string | null;
   adminConsole: AdminConsoleConfig;
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ export type Setting = {
   adminConsole: AdminConsoleConfig;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<SettingUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateSetting> = z.object({
   id: z.string(),
-  customDomain: z.string().optional(),
+  customDomain: z.string().nullable().optional(),
   adminConsole: adminConsoleConfigGuard,
 });
 
-export const Settings: GeneratedSchema<SettingUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const Settings: GeneratedSchema<CreateSetting> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'settings',
   tableSingular: 'setting',
   fields: {
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ export const Settings: GeneratedSchema<SettingUpdate> = Object.freeze({
     adminConsole: 'admin_console',
   },
   fieldKeys: ['id', 'customDomain', 'adminConsole'],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user-log.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user-log.ts
index cc5a50ff3..f9284f2f8 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user-log.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user-log.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import { UserLogPayload, userLogPayloadGuard, GeneratedSchema, Guard } from '../foundations';
 import { UserLogType, UserLogResult } from './custom-types';
 
-export type UserLogUpdate = {
+export type CreateUserLog = {
   id: string;
   userId: string;
   type: UserLogType;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export type UserLog = {
   createdAt: number;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<UserLogUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateUserLog> = z.object({
   id: z.string(),
   userId: z.string(),
   type: z.nativeEnum(UserLogType),
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const guard: Guard<UserLogUpdate> = z.object({
   createdAt: z.number().optional(),
 });
 
-export const UserLogs: GeneratedSchema<UserLogUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const UserLogs: GeneratedSchema<CreateUserLog> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'user_logs',
   tableSingular: 'user_log',
   fields: {
@@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ export const UserLogs: GeneratedSchema<UserLogUpdate> = Object.freeze({
     createdAt: 'created_at',
   },
   fieldKeys: ['id', 'userId', 'type', 'result', 'payload', 'createdAt'],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user.ts b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user.ts
index 0a75340b4..75df70a9d 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/db-entries/user.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import { GeneratedSchema, Guard } from '../foundations';
 import { PasswordEncryptionMethod } from './custom-types';
 
-export type UserUpdate = {
+export type CreateUser = {
   id: string;
   username?: string | null;
   primaryEmail?: string | null;
@@ -25,17 +25,17 @@ export type User = {
   passwordEncryptionSalt: string | null;
 };
 
-const guard: Guard<UserUpdate> = z.object({
+const createGuard: Guard<CreateUser> = z.object({
   id: z.string(),
-  username: z.string().optional(),
-  primaryEmail: z.string().optional(),
-  primaryPhone: z.string().optional(),
-  passwordEncrypted: z.string().optional(),
-  passwordEncryptionMethod: z.nativeEnum(PasswordEncryptionMethod).optional(),
-  passwordEncryptionSalt: z.string().optional(),
+  username: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+  primaryEmail: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+  primaryPhone: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+  passwordEncrypted: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+  passwordEncryptionMethod: z.nativeEnum(PasswordEncryptionMethod).nullable().optional(),
+  passwordEncryptionSalt: z.string().nullable().optional(),
 });
 
-export const Users: GeneratedSchema<UserUpdate> = Object.freeze({
+export const Users: GeneratedSchema<CreateUser> = Object.freeze({
   table: 'users',
   tableSingular: 'user',
   fields: {
@@ -56,5 +56,5 @@ export const Users: GeneratedSchema<UserUpdate> = Object.freeze({
     'passwordEncryptionMethod',
     'passwordEncryptionSalt',
   ],
-  guard,
+  createGuard,
 });
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/foundations/schemas.ts b/packages/schemas/src/foundations/schemas.ts
index 0316a1da7..2624208fc 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/foundations/schemas.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/foundations/schemas.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ export type GeneratedSchema<Schema extends SchemaLike> = keyof Schema extends st
         [key in keyof Schema]: string;
       };
       fieldKeys: ReadonlyArray<keyof Schema>;
-      guard: Guard<Schema>;
+      createGuard: Guard<Schema>;
     }>
   : never;
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/gen/schema.ts b/packages/schemas/src/gen/schema.ts
index 494b8c984..88458e941 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/gen/schema.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/gen/schema.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { TableWithType } from './types';
 
 export const generateSchema = ({ name, fields }: TableWithType) => {
   const modelName = pluralize(camelcase(name, { pascalCase: true }), 1);
-  const databaseEntryType = `${modelName}Update`;
+  const databaseEntryType = `Create${modelName}`;
   return [
     `export type ${databaseEntryType} = {`,
     ...fields.map(
@@ -28,19 +28,19 @@ export const generateSchema = ({ name, fields }: TableWithType) => {
     ),
     '};',
     '',
-    `const guard: Guard<${databaseEntryType}> = z.object({`,
+    `const createGuard: Guard<${databaseEntryType}> = z.object({`,
     ...fields.map(({ name, type, isArray, isEnum, nullable, hasDefaultValue, tsType }) => {
       if (tsType) {
         return `  ${camelcase(name)}: ${camelcase(tsType)}Guard${conditionalString(
-          (nullable || hasDefaultValue) && '.optional()'
-        )},`;
+          nullable && !hasDefaultValue && '.nullable()'
+        )}${conditionalString((nullable || hasDefaultValue) && '.optional()')},`;
       }
 
       return `  ${camelcase(name)}: z.${
         isEnum ? `nativeEnum(${type})` : `${type}()`
       }${conditionalString(isArray && '.array()')}${conditionalString(
-        (nullable || hasDefaultValue) && '.optional()'
-      )},`;
+        nullable && !hasDefaultValue && '.nullable()'
+      )}${conditionalString((nullable || hasDefaultValue) && '.optional()')},`;
     }),
     '  });',
     '',
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export const generateSchema = ({ name, fields }: TableWithType) => {
     '  fieldKeys: [',
     ...fields.map(({ name }) => `    '${camelcase(name)}',`),
     '  ],',
-    '  guard,',
+    '  createGuard,',
     '});',
   ].join('\n');
 };
diff --git a/packages/schemas/src/types/user.ts b/packages/schemas/src/types/user.ts
index a7acd4e65..81c658010 100644
--- a/packages/schemas/src/types/user.ts
+++ b/packages/schemas/src/types/user.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { UserUpdate } from '../db-entries';
+import { CreateUser } from '../db-entries';
 
 export const userInfoSelectFields = Object.freeze([
   'id',
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export const userInfoSelectFields = Object.freeze([
   'primaryPhone',
 ] as const);
 
-export type UserInfo<Keys extends keyof UserUpdate = typeof userInfoSelectFields[number]> = Pick<
-  UserUpdate,
+export type UserInfo<Keys extends keyof CreateUser = typeof userInfoSelectFields[number]> = Pick<
+  CreateUser,
   Keys
 >;