diff --git a/packages/core/jest.config.ts b/packages/core/jest.config.ts
index 739dc928c..0a8c2a835 100644
--- a/packages/core/jest.config.ts
+++ b/packages/core/jest.config.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { merge, Config } from '@silverhand/jest-config';
 const config: Config.InitialOptions = merge({
   testPathIgnorePatterns: ['/core/connectors/'],
   setupFilesAfterEnv: ['jest-matcher-specific-error', './jest.setup.ts'],
-  globalSetup: './jest.global-setup.ts',
 });
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/core/jest.global-setup.ts b/packages/core/jest.global-setup.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ded7947fe..000000000
--- a/packages/core/jest.global-setup.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Generate private key for tests
- */
-import { generateKeyPairSync } from 'crypto';
-import { writeFileSync } from 'fs';
-
-export const privateKeyPath = 'oidc-private-key.test.pem';
-
-const globalSetup = () => {
-  const { privateKey } = generateKeyPairSync('rsa', {
-    modulusLength: 4096,
-    publicKeyEncoding: {
-      type: 'spki',
-      format: 'pem',
-    },
-    privateKeyEncoding: {
-      type: 'pkcs8',
-      format: 'pem',
-    },
-  });
-
-  writeFileSync(privateKeyPath, privateKey);
-};
-
-export default globalSetup;
diff --git a/packages/core/jest.setup.ts b/packages/core/jest.setup.ts
index ead6df860..fc6b478c4 100644
--- a/packages/core/jest.setup.ts
+++ b/packages/core/jest.setup.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,10 @@
 
 import envSet from '@/env-set';
 
-import { privateKeyPath } from './jest.global-setup';
+jest.mock('@/lib/logto-config');
+jest.mock('@/env-set/check-alteration-state');
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line unicorn/prefer-top-level-await
 (async () => {
-  process.env = {
-    ...process.env,
-    OIDC_PRIVATE_KEY_PATHS: privateKeyPath,
-    OIDC_COOKIE_KEYS: '["LOGTOSEKRIT1"]',
-  };
   await envSet.load();
 })();
diff --git a/packages/core/src/env-set/__mocks__/check-alteration-state.ts b/packages/core/src/env-set/__mocks__/check-alteration-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6b386678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/env-set/__mocks__/check-alteration-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-function
+export const checkAlterationState = async () => {};
diff --git a/packages/core/src/lib/__mocks__/logto-config.ts b/packages/core/src/lib/__mocks__/logto-config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b5a47459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/lib/__mocks__/logto-config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { generateKeyPairSync } from 'crypto';
+
+import { LogtoOidcConfigKey, LogtoOidcConfigType } from '@logto/schemas';
+
+const { privateKey } = generateKeyPairSync('rsa', {
+  modulusLength: 4096,
+  publicKeyEncoding: {
+    type: 'spki',
+    format: 'pem',
+  },
+  privateKeyEncoding: {
+    type: 'pkcs8',
+    format: 'pem',
+  },
+});
+
+export const getOidcConfigs = async (): Promise<LogtoOidcConfigType> => ({
+  [LogtoOidcConfigKey.PrivateKeys]: [privateKey],
+  [LogtoOidcConfigKey.CookieKeys]: ['LOGTOSEKRIT1'],
+  [LogtoOidcConfigKey.RefreshTokenReuseInterval]: 3,
+});
diff --git a/packages/core/src/lib/logto-config.ts b/packages/core/src/lib/logto-config.ts
index 583c5ea09..56e516024 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/lib/logto-config.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/lib/logto-config.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import { getRowsByKeys } from '@logto/cli/lib/queries/logto-config';
-import { logtoOidcConfigGuard, LogtoOidcConfigKey } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { logtoOidcConfigGuard, LogtoOidcConfigKey, LogtoOidcConfigType } from '@logto/schemas';
 import chalk from 'chalk';
 import { DatabasePool, DatabaseTransactionConnection } from 'slonik';
 import { z, ZodError } from 'zod';
 
-export const getOidcConfigs = async (pool: DatabasePool | DatabaseTransactionConnection) => {
+export const getOidcConfigs = async (
+  pool: DatabasePool | DatabaseTransactionConnection
+): Promise<LogtoOidcConfigType> => {
   try {
     const { rows } = await getRowsByKeys(pool, Object.values(LogtoOidcConfigKey));
 
diff --git a/packages/core/tsconfig.build.json b/packages/core/tsconfig.build.json
index 474bcd74a..988844c2c 100644
--- a/packages/core/tsconfig.build.json
+++ b/packages/core/tsconfig.build.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
   ],
   "exclude": [
     "src/**/*.test.ts",
-    "src/__mocks__/",
+    "src/**/__mocks__/",
   ]
 }