diff --git a/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts b/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts
index 8e5528400..299142c4c 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.test.ts
@@ -6,22 +6,25 @@ import RequestError from '@/errors/RequestError';
 import { createTestPool } from '@/utils/test-utils';
 
 import { buildInsertInto } from './insert-into';
-import { convertToIdentifiers, excludeAutoSetFields } from './utils';
+import { convertToIdentifiers } from './utils';
+
+const buildExpectedInsertIntoSql = (keys: string[]) => [
+  `insert into "users" (${keys.map((key) => `"${decamelize(key)}"`).join(', ')})`,
+  `values (${keys.map((_, index) => `$${index + 1}`).join(', ')})`,
+];
 
 describe('buildInsertInto()', () => {
-  const keys = excludeAutoSetFields(Users.fieldKeys);
-  const expectInsertIntoSql = [
-    `insert into "users" (${keys.map((key) => `"${decamelize(key)}"`).join(', ')})`,
-    `values (${keys.map((_, index) => `$${index + 1}`).join(', ')})`,
-  ];
-
   it('resolves a promise with `undefined` when `returning` is false', async () => {
+    const user: CreateUser = { id: 'foo', username: '456' };
+    const expectInsertIntoSql = buildExpectedInsertIntoSql(Object.keys(user));
     const pool = createTestPool(expectInsertIntoSql.join('\n'));
     const insertInto = buildInsertInto(pool, Users);
-    await expect(insertInto({ id: 'foo', username: '456' })).resolves.toBe(undefined);
+    await expect(insertInto(user)).resolves.toBe(undefined);
   });
 
   it('resolves a promise with `undefined` when `returning` is false and `onConflict` is enabled', async () => {
+    const user: CreateUser = { id: 'foo', username: '456', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' };
+    const expectInsertIntoSql = buildExpectedInsertIntoSql(Object.keys(user));
     const pool = createTestPool(
       [
         ...expectInsertIntoSql,
@@ -36,13 +39,12 @@ describe('buildInsertInto()', () => {
         setExcludedFields: [fields.primaryEmail],
       },
     });
-    await expect(
-      insertInto({ id: 'foo', username: '456', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' })
-    ).resolves.toBe(undefined);
+    await expect(insertInto(user)).resolves.toBe(undefined);
   });
 
   it('resolves a promise with single entity when `returning` is true', async () => {
     const user: CreateUser = { id: 'foo', username: '123', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' };
+    const expectInsertIntoSql = buildExpectedInsertIntoSql(Object.keys(user));
     const pool = createTestPool(
       [...expectInsertIntoSql, 'returning *'].join('\n'),
       (_, [id, username, primaryEmail]) => ({
@@ -58,6 +60,8 @@ describe('buildInsertInto()', () => {
   });
 
   it('throws `entity.create_failed` error with `undefined` when `returning` is true', async () => {
+    const user: CreateUser = { id: 'foo', username: '123', primaryEmail: 'foo@bar.com' };
+    const expectInsertIntoSql = buildExpectedInsertIntoSql(Object.keys(user));
     const pool = createTestPool([...expectInsertIntoSql, 'returning *'].join('\n'));
     const insertInto = buildInsertInto(pool, Users, { returning: true });
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.ts b/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.ts
index e2b2062f1..e30a6456c 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/database/insert-into.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { SchemaLike, GeneratedSchema } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { has } from '@silverhand/essentials';
 import { DatabasePoolType, IdentifierSqlTokenType, sql } from 'slonik';
 
 import assertThat from '@/utils/assert-that';
@@ -59,15 +60,16 @@ export const buildInsertInto: BuildInsertInto = <
   const onConflict = config?.onConflict;
 
   return async (data: OmitAutoSetFields<Schema>): Promise<ReturnType | void> => {
+    const insertingKeys = keys.filter((key) => has(data, key));
     const {
       rows: [entry],
     } = await pool.query<ReturnType>(sql`
       insert into ${table} (${sql.join(
-      keys.map((key) => fields[key]),
+      insertingKeys.map((key) => fields[key]),
       sql`, `
     )})
       values (${sql.join(
-        keys.map((key) => convertToPrimitiveOrSql(key, data[key] ?? null)),
+        insertingKeys.map((key) => convertToPrimitiveOrSql(key, data[key] ?? null)),
         sql`, `
       )})
       ${conditionalSql(returning, () => sql`returning *`)}