diff --git a/packages/core/nodemon.json b/packages/core/nodemon.json
index 59cbcbe33..7c1e17a4a 100644
--- a/packages/core/nodemon.json
+++ b/packages/core/nodemon.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "exec": "tsc -p tsconfig.build.json --incremental && node ./build/index.js",
+  "exec": "tsc -p tsconfig.build.json --incremental && node ./build/index.js || exit 1",
   "ignore": [
     "node_modules/**/node_modules"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.test.ts b/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.test.ts
index 8ee40b08e..c5ad29faa 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.test.ts
@@ -27,11 +27,6 @@ jest.mock('@/queries/oidc-model-instance', () => ({
   revokeInstanceByGrantId: jest.fn(),
 }));
 
-jest.mock('@logto/shared', () => ({
-  // eslint-disable-next-line unicorn/consistent-function-scoping
-  buildIdGenerator: jest.fn(() => () => 'randomId'),
-}));
-
 const now = Date.now();
 
 jest.mock(
diff --git a/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts b/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts
index dc401c715..9dd988cb1 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/oidc/adapter.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import type { CreateApplication, OidcClientMetadata } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { ApplicationType } from '@logto/schemas';
 import { adminConsoleApplicationId, demoAppApplicationId } from '@logto/schemas/lib/seeds';
+import { tryThat } from '@logto/shared';
 import { addSeconds } from 'date-fns';
 import type { AdapterFactory, AllClientMetadata } from 'oidc-provider';
+import { errors } from 'oidc-provider';
 import snakecaseKeys from 'snakecase-keys';
 
 import envSet, { MountedApps } from '@/env-set';
@@ -83,7 +85,9 @@ export default function postgresAdapter(modelName: string): ReturnType<AdapterFa
           return buildAdminConsoleClientMetadata();
         }
 
-        return transpileClient(await findApplicationById(id));
+        return transpileClient(
+          await tryThat(findApplicationById(id), new errors.InvalidClient(`invalid client ${id}`))
+        );
       },
       findByUserCode: reject,
       findByUid: reject,
diff --git a/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts b/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts
index 57d418cdc..0ad32502f 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
 
 import { userClaims } from '@logto/core-kit';
 import { CustomClientMetadataKey } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { tryThat } from '@logto/shared';
 import type Koa from 'koa';
 import mount from 'koa-mount';
 import { Provider, errors } from 'oidc-provider';
@@ -162,7 +163,10 @@ export default async function initOidc(app: Koa): Promise<Provider> {
     extraTokenClaims: async (_ctx, token) => {
       if (token.kind === 'AccessToken') {
         const { accountId } = token;
-        const { roleNames } = await findUserById(accountId);
+        const { roleNames } = await tryThat(
+          findUserById(accountId),
+          new errors.InvalidClient(`invalid user ${accountId}`)
+        );
 
         return snakecaseKeys({
           roleNames,
@@ -172,7 +176,11 @@ export default async function initOidc(app: Koa): Promise<Provider> {
       // `token.kind === 'ClientCredentials'`
       const { clientId } = token;
       assertThat(clientId, 'oidc.invalid_grant');
-      const { roleNames } = await findApplicationById(clientId);
+
+      const { roleNames } = await tryThat(
+        findApplicationById(clientId),
+        new errors.InvalidClient(`invalid client ${clientId}`)
+      );
 
       return snakecaseKeys({ roleNames });
     },
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/utils/function.ts b/packages/shared/src/utils/function.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c033d8253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/shared/src/utils/function.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+export const tryThat = async <T, E extends Error>(
+  exec: Promise<T> | (() => Promise<T>),
+  onError: E | ((error: unknown) => never)
+): Promise<T> => {
+  try {
+    return await (typeof exec === 'function' ? exec() : exec);
+  } catch (error: unknown) {
+    if (onError instanceof Error) {
+      // https://github.com/typescript-eslint/typescript-eslint/issues/3814
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-throw-literal
+      throw onError;
+    }
+
+    return onError(error);
+  }
+};
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/utils/index.ts b/packages/shared/src/utils/index.ts
index 357301f3a..3912ce027 100644
--- a/packages/shared/src/utils/index.ts
+++ b/packages/shared/src/utils/index.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 export * from './id';
+export * from './function';
 export { default as findPackage } from './find-package';