diff --git a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-pagination.ts b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-pagination.ts
index 29e53266f..940f8e1dc 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-pagination.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-pagination.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { number } from 'zod';
 import RequestError from '#src/errors/RequestError/index.js';
 import { buildLink } from '#src/utils/pagination.js';
 
-export type Pagination = {
+type Pagination = {
   offset: number;
   limit: number;
   totalCount?: number;
diff --git a/packages/core/src/routes/organization/index.ts b/packages/core/src/routes/organization/index.ts
index 7d94d8363..9c09d8c8a 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/routes/organization/index.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/routes/organization/index.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import RequestError from '#src/errors/RequestError/index.js';
 import koaGuard from '#src/middleware/koa-guard.js';
 import koaPagination from '#src/middleware/koa-pagination.js';
-import SchemaRouter, { SchemaActions } from '#src/utils/SchemaRouter.js';
+import SchemaRouter from '#src/utils/SchemaRouter.js';
 
 import { type AuthedRouter, type RouterInitArgs } from '../types.js';
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export default function organizationRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(...args: Rout
       queries: { organizations, users },
     },
   ] = args;
-  const router = new SchemaRouter(Organizations, new SchemaActions(organizations), {
+  const router = new SchemaRouter(Organizations, organizations, {
     errorHandler,
   });
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/routes/organization/roles.ts b/packages/core/src/routes/organization/roles.ts
index ab81b424e..4407e3ac2 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/routes/organization/roles.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/routes/organization/roles.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import { type CreateOrganizationRole, OrganizationRoles } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { generateStandardId } from '@logto/shared';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import koaGuard from '#src/middleware/koa-guard.js';
-import SchemaRouter, { SchemaActions } from '#src/utils/SchemaRouter.js';
+import SchemaRouter from '#src/utils/SchemaRouter.js';
 
 import { type AuthedRouter, type RouterInitArgs } from '../types.js';
 
@@ -21,8 +22,7 @@ export default function organizationRoleRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(
     },
   ]: RouterInitArgs<T>
 ) {
-  const actions = new SchemaActions(roles);
-  const router = new SchemaRouter(OrganizationRoles, actions, {
+  const router = new SchemaRouter(OrganizationRoles, roles, {
     disabled: { post: true },
     errorHandler,
   });
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export default function organizationRoleRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(
     }),
     async (ctx, next) => {
       const { organizationScopeIds: scopeIds, ...data } = ctx.guard.body;
-      const role = await actions.post(data);
+      const role = await roles.insert({ id: generateStandardId(), ...data });
 
       if (scopeIds.length > 0) {
         await rolesScopes.insert(...scopeIds.map<[string, string]>((id) => [role.id, id]));
diff --git a/packages/core/src/routes/organization/scopes.ts b/packages/core/src/routes/organization/scopes.ts
index 7c5a81bcb..12bd1eef3 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/routes/organization/scopes.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/routes/organization/scopes.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { OrganizationScopes } from '@logto/schemas';
 
-import SchemaRouter, { SchemaActions } from '#src/utils/SchemaRouter.js';
+import SchemaRouter from '#src/utils/SchemaRouter.js';
 
 import { type AuthedRouter, type RouterInitArgs } from '../types.js';
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export default function organizationScopeRoutes<T extends AuthedRouter>(
     },
   ]: RouterInitArgs<T>
 ) {
-  const router = new SchemaRouter(OrganizationScopes, new SchemaActions(scopes), { errorHandler });
+  const router = new SchemaRouter(OrganizationScopes, scopes, { errorHandler });
 
   originalRouter.use(router.routes());
 }
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaQueries.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaQueries.ts
index d2cae4568..03b2e33b8 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaQueries.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaQueries.ts
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ import { buildUpdateWhereWithPool } from '#src/database/update-where.js';
 
 /**
  * Query class that contains all the necessary CRUD queries for a schema. It is
- * designed to be used with SchemaActions for a SchemaRouter. You can also extend
- * this class to add more queries.
+ * designed to be used with a SchemaRouter. You can also extend this class to add
+ * more queries.
  */
 export default class SchemaQueries<
   Key extends string,
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export default class SchemaQueries<
     return this.#findById(id);
   }
 
-  async insert(data: OmitAutoSetFields<CreateSchema>): Promise<Readonly<Schema>> {
+  async insert(data: CreateSchema): Promise<Readonly<Schema>> {
     return this.#insert(data);
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.test.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.test.ts
index fc721cecd..a643c4114 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import RequestError from '#src/errors/RequestError/index.js';
 
 import SchemaQueries from './SchemaQueries.js';
-import SchemaRouter, { type SchemaActions } from './SchemaRouter.js';
+import SchemaRouter from './SchemaRouter.js';
 import { createRequester, createTestPool } from './test-utils.js';
 
 const { jest } = import.meta;
@@ -36,21 +36,26 @@ describe('SchemaRouter', () => {
     { id: '1', name: 'test' },
     { id: '2', name: 'test2' },
   ] as const satisfies readonly Schema[];
-  const actions: SchemaActions<'name', CreateSchema, Schema> = {
-    queries: new SchemaQueries(createTestPool(), schema),
-    get: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([entities.length, entities]),
-    getById: jest.fn(async (id) => {
-      const entity = entities.find((entity) => entity.id === id);
-      if (!entity) {
-        throw new RequestError({ code: 'entity.not_found', status: 404 });
-      }
-      return entity;
-    }),
-    post: jest.fn(async () => ({ id: 'new', name: 'test_new' })),
-    patchById: jest.fn(async (id, data) => ({ id, name: 'name_patch_default', ...data })),
-    deleteById: jest.fn(),
-  };
-  const schemaRouter = new SchemaRouter(schema, actions);
+  const queries = new SchemaQueries(createTestPool(undefined, { id: '1' }), schema);
+
+  jest.spyOn(queries, 'findTotalNumber').mockResolvedValue(entities.length);
+  jest.spyOn(queries, 'findAll').mockResolvedValue(entities);
+  jest.spyOn(queries, 'findById').mockImplementation(async (id) => {
+    const entity = entities.find((entity) => entity.id === id);
+    if (!entity) {
+      throw new RequestError({ code: 'entity.not_found', status: 404 });
+    }
+    return entity;
+  });
+  jest.spyOn(queries, 'insert').mockResolvedValue({ id: 'new', name: 'test_new' });
+  jest.spyOn(queries, 'updateById').mockImplementation(async (id, data) => ({
+    id,
+    name: 'name_patch_default',
+    ...data,
+  }));
+  jest.spyOn(queries, 'deleteById');
+
+  const schemaRouter = new SchemaRouter(schema, queries);
   const request = createRequester({ authedRoutes: (router) => router.use(schemaRouter.routes()) });
   const baseRoute = `/${schema.table.replaceAll('_', '-')}`;
 
@@ -62,16 +67,16 @@ describe('SchemaRouter', () => {
     it('should be able to get all entities', async () => {
       const response = await request.get(baseRoute);
 
-      expect(actions.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({ disabled: false, offset: 0, limit: 20 })
-      );
+      expect(queries.findAll).toHaveBeenCalledWith(20, 0);
+      expect(queries.findTotalNumber).toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(response.body).toStrictEqual(entities);
     });
 
     it('should be able to get all entities with pagination', async () => {
       const response = await request.get(`${baseRoute}?page=1&page_size=10`);
 
-      expect(actions.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ offset: 0, limit: 10 }));
+      expect(queries.findAll).toHaveBeenCalledWith(10, 0);
+      expect(queries.findTotalNumber).toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(response.body).toStrictEqual(entities);
       expect(response.header).toHaveProperty('total-number', '2');
     });
@@ -81,7 +86,10 @@ describe('SchemaRouter', () => {
     it('should be able to create an entity', async () => {
       const response = await request.post(baseRoute).send({});
 
-      expect(actions.post).toHaveBeenCalledWith({});
+      expect(queries.insert).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
+        expect.objectContaining({ id: expect.any(String) })
+      );
       expect(response.body).toStrictEqual({ id: 'new', name: 'test_new' });
     });
 
@@ -96,7 +104,7 @@ describe('SchemaRouter', () => {
     it('should be able to get an entity by id', async () => {
       const response = await request.get(`${baseRoute}/1`);
 
-      expect(actions.getById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('1');
+      expect(queries.findById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('1');
       expect(response.body).toStrictEqual(entities[0]);
     });
 
@@ -112,7 +120,7 @@ describe('SchemaRouter', () => {
     it('should be able to patch an entity by id', async () => {
       const response = await request.patch(`${baseRoute}/test`).send({ name: 'test_new' });
 
-      expect(actions.patchById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('test', { name: 'test_new' });
+      expect(queries.updateById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('test', { name: 'test_new' });
       expect(response.body).toStrictEqual({ id: 'test', name: 'test_new' });
       expect(response.status).toEqual(200);
     });
@@ -122,8 +130,41 @@ describe('SchemaRouter', () => {
     it('should be able to delete an entity by id', async () => {
       const response = await request.delete(`${baseRoute}/test`);
 
-      expect(actions.deleteById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('test');
+      expect(queries.deleteById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('test');
       expect(response.status).toEqual(204);
     });
   });
+
+  describe('disable routes', () => {
+    it('should be able to disable routes', async () => {
+      const disabledSchemaRouter = new SchemaRouter(schema, queries, {
+        disabled: { post: true, patchById: true, deleteById: true },
+      });
+      const disabledRequest = createRequester({
+        authedRoutes: (router) => router.use(disabledSchemaRouter.routes()),
+      });
+
+      await disabledRequest.post(baseRoute).send({});
+      expect(queries.insert).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      await disabledRequest.patch(`${baseRoute}/test`).send({ name: 'test_new' });
+      expect(queries.updateById).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      await disabledRequest.delete(`${baseRoute}/test`);
+      expect(queries.deleteById).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('error handler', () => {
+    it('should be able to customize error handler', async () => {
+      const errorHandler = jest.fn();
+      const errorHandlerSchemaRouter = new SchemaRouter(schema, queries, { errorHandler });
+      const errorHandlerRequest = createRequester({
+        authedRoutes: (router) => router.use(errorHandlerSchemaRouter.routes()),
+      });
+
+      await errorHandlerRequest.get(`${baseRoute}/foo`);
+      expect(errorHandler).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.ts
index 124a702fd..48d3f28db 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/SchemaRouter.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { type SchemaLike, type GeneratedSchema, type Guard } from '@logto/schemas';
-import { generateStandardId, type OmitAutoSetFields } from '@logto/shared';
+import { type SchemaLike, type GeneratedSchema } from '@logto/schemas';
+import { generateStandardId } from '@logto/shared';
 import { type DeepPartial } from '@silverhand/essentials';
 import camelcase from 'camelcase';
 import deepmerge from 'deepmerge';
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import Router, { type IRouterParamContext } from 'koa-router';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import koaGuard from '#src/middleware/koa-guard.js';
-import koaPagination, { type Pagination } from '#src/middleware/koa-pagination.js';
+import koaPagination from '#src/middleware/koa-pagination.js';
 
 import type RelationQueries from './RelationQueries.js';
 import type SchemaQueries from './SchemaQueries.js';
@@ -34,79 +34,6 @@ const tableToPathname = (tableName: string) => tableName.replaceAll('_', '-');
 const camelCaseSchemaId = <T extends { tableSingular: Table }, Table extends string>(schema: T) =>
   `${camelcase(schema.tableSingular)}Id` as const;
 
-/**
- * Actions configuration for a {@link SchemaRouter}. It contains the
- * necessary functions to handle the CRUD operations for a schema.
- */
-export class SchemaActions<
-  Key extends string,
-  CreateSchema extends Partial<SchemaLike<Key> & { id: string }>,
-  Schema extends SchemaLike<Key> & { id: string },
-> {
-  constructor(public readonly queries: SchemaQueries<Key, CreateSchema, Schema>) {}
-
-  /**
-   * The function for `GET /` route to get a list of entities.
-   *
-   * @param pagination The request pagination info parsed from `koa-pagination`. The
-   * function should honor the pagination info and return the correct entities.
-   * @returns A tuple of `[totalCount, entities]`. `totalCount` is the total count of
-   * entities in the database; `entities` is the list of entities to be returned.
-   */
-  public async get({
-    limit,
-    offset,
-  }: Pick<Pagination, 'limit' | 'offset'>): Promise<
-    [totalCount: number, entries: readonly Schema[]]
-  > {
-    return Promise.all([this.queries.findTotalNumber(), this.queries.findAll(limit, offset)]);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The function for `GET /:id` route to get an entity by ID.
-   *
-   * @param id The ID of the entity to be fetched.
-   * @returns The entity to be returned.
-   * @throws An `RequestError` with 404 status code if the entity is not found.
-   */
-  public async getById(id: string): Promise<Readonly<Schema>> {
-    return this.queries.findById(id);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The function for `POST /` route to create an entity.
-   *
-   * @param data The data of the entity to be created.
-   * @returns The created entity.
-   */
-  public async post(data: Omit<OmitAutoSetFields<CreateSchema>, 'id'>): Promise<Readonly<Schema>>;
-  public async post(data: OmitAutoSetFields<CreateSchema>): Promise<Readonly<Schema>> {
-    return this.queries.insert({ id: generateStandardId(), ...data });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The function for `PATCH /:id` route to update the entity by ID.
-   *
-   * @param id The ID of the entity to be updated.
-   * @param data The data of the entity to be updated.
-   * @returns The updated entity.
-   * @throws An `UpdateError` if the entity is not found.
-   */
-  public async patchById(id: string, data: Partial<Schema>): Promise<Readonly<Schema>> {
-    return this.queries.updateById(id, data);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The function for `DELETE /:id` route to delete an entity by ID.
-   *
-   * @param id The ID of the entity to be deleted.
-   * @throws An `DeletionError` if the entity is not found.
-   */
-  public async deleteById(id: string): Promise<void> {
-    return this.queries.deleteById(id);
-  }
-}
-
 type SchemaRouterConfig = {
   /** Disable certain routes for the router. */
   disabled: {
@@ -150,7 +77,7 @@ export default class SchemaRouter<
 
   constructor(
     public readonly schema: GeneratedSchema<Key, CreateSchema, Schema>,
-    public readonly actions: SchemaActions<Key, CreateSchema, Schema>,
+    public readonly queries: SchemaQueries<Key, CreateSchema, Schema>,
     config: DeepPartial<SchemaRouterConfig> = {}
   ) {
     super({ prefix: '/' + tableToPathname(schema.table) });
@@ -187,7 +114,11 @@ export default class SchemaRouter<
         koaPagination(),
         koaGuard({ response: schema.guard.array(), status: [200] }),
         async (ctx, next) => {
-          const [count, entities] = await actions.get(ctx.pagination);
+          const { limit, offset } = ctx.pagination;
+          const [count, entities] = await Promise.all([
+            queries.findTotalNumber(),
+            queries.findAll(limit, offset),
+          ]);
           ctx.pagination.totalCount = count;
           ctx.body = entities;
           return next();
@@ -199,13 +130,16 @@ export default class SchemaRouter<
       this.post(
         '/',
         koaGuard({
-          // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- `.omit()` doesn't play well for generic types
-          body: schema.createGuard.omit({ id: true }) as Guard<Omit<CreateSchema, 'id'>>,
+          body: schema.createGuard.omit({ id: true }),
           response: schema.guard,
           status: [201],
         }),
         async (ctx, next) => {
-          ctx.body = await actions.post(ctx.guard.body);
+          // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- `.omit()` doesn't play well with generics
+          ctx.body = await queries.insert({
+            id: generateStandardId(),
+            ...ctx.guard.body,
+          } as CreateSchema);
           ctx.status = 201;
           return next();
         }
@@ -221,7 +155,7 @@ export default class SchemaRouter<
           status: [200, 404],
         }),
         async (ctx, next) => {
-          ctx.body = await actions.getById(ctx.guard.params.id);
+          ctx.body = await queries.findById(ctx.guard.params.id);
           return next();
         }
       );
@@ -237,7 +171,7 @@ export default class SchemaRouter<
           status: [200, 404],
         }),
         async (ctx, next) => {
-          ctx.body = await actions.patchById(ctx.guard.params.id, ctx.guard.body);
+          ctx.body = await queries.updateById(ctx.guard.params.id, ctx.guard.body);
           return next();
         }
       );
@@ -251,7 +185,7 @@ export default class SchemaRouter<
           status: [204, 404],
         }),
         async (ctx, next) => {
-          await actions.deleteById(ctx.guard.params.id);
+          await queries.deleteById(ctx.guard.params.id);
           ctx.status = 204;
           return next();
         }
@@ -315,7 +249,7 @@ export default class SchemaRouter<
         const { id } = ctx.guard.params;
 
         // Ensure that the main entry exists
-        await this.actions.getById(id);
+        await this.queries.findById(id);
 
         const [totalCount, entities] = await relationQueries.getEntities(
           relationSchema,