diff --git a/packages/core/jest.config.js b/packages/core/jest.config.js
index e22ef8085..b156e8163 100644
--- a/packages/core/jest.config.js
+++ b/packages/core/jest.config.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ module.exports = {
   preset: 'ts-jest',
   testEnvironment: 'node',
   setupFilesAfterEnv: ['./jest.setup.js', 'jest-matcher-specific-error'],
+  globalSetup: './jest.global-setup.js',
   globals: {
     'ts-jest': {
       tsconfig: 'tsconfig.test.json',
diff --git a/packages/core/jest.global-setup.js b/packages/core/jest.global-setup.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c61d467f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/jest.global-setup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/* eslint-disable unicorn/prefer-module */
+/**
+ * Generate private key for tests
+ */
+const { generateKeyPairSync } = require('crypto');
+const { writeFileSync } = require('fs');
+
+const privateKeyPath = 'oidc-private-key.test.pem';
+
+module.exports = () => {
+  const { privateKey } = generateKeyPairSync('rsa', {
+    modulusLength: 4096,
+    publicKeyEncoding: {
+      type: 'spki',
+      format: 'pem',
+    },
+    privateKeyEncoding: {
+      type: 'pkcs8',
+      format: 'pem',
+    },
+  });
+
+  writeFileSync(privateKeyPath, privateKey);
+};
+
+exports = module.exports;
+exports.privateKeyPath = privateKeyPath;
+
+/* eslint-enable unicorn/prefer-module */
diff --git a/packages/core/jest.setup.js b/packages/core/jest.setup.js
index 2a9545d0d..d9734d8ad 100644
--- a/packages/core/jest.setup.js
+++ b/packages/core/jest.setup.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
+/* eslint-disable unicorn/prefer-module */
 /**
  * Setup environment variables for unit test
  */
-const OIDC_PROVIDER_PRIVATE_KEY_BASE64 =
-  'LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBSU0EgUFJJVkFURSBLRVktLS0tLQpNSUlDV2dJQkFBS0JnR3pLendQcVp6Q3dncjR5a0U1NTN2aWw3QTZYM2l1VnJ3TVJtbVJDTVNBL3lkUm04bXA1CjlHZUYyMlRCSVBtUEVNM29Lbnk4KytFL2FDRnByWXVDa0loREhodVR5N1diT25nd3kyb3JpYnNEQm1OS3FybTkKM0xkYWYrZm1aU2tsL0FMUjZNeUhNV2dTUkQrbFhxVnplNFdSRGIzVTlrTyt3RmVXUlNZNmlRL2pBZ01CQUFFQwpnWUJOZkczUjVpUTFJNk1iZ0x3VGlPM3N2NURRSEE3YmtETWt4bWJtdmRacmw4TlRDemZoNnBiUEhTSFVNMUlmCkxXelVtMldYanFzQUZiOCsvUnZrWDh3OHI3SENNUUdLVGs0ay9adkZ5YUhkM2tIUXhjSkJPakNOUUtjS2NZalUKRGdnTUVJeW5PblNZNjJpWEV6RExKVTJEMVUrY3JEbTZXUTVHaG1NS1p2Vnl3UUpCQU1lcFBFV2gwakNDOEdmQwpQQU1yT1JvOHJYeHYwVEdXNlJWYmxad0ppdjhNeGZacnpZT1cwZUFPek9IK0ZRWE90SjNTdUZONzdEcVQ5TDI3CmN2M3QySkVDUVFDTGZZeVl2ZUg0UnY2bnVET0RnckkzRUJHMFNJbURHcC94UUV2NEk5Z0hrRFF0aFF4bW5xNTEKZ1QxajhFN1lmRHEwMTkvN2htL3dmMXNzMERQNkpic3pBa0JqOEUzKy9MVGRHMjJDUWpNUDB2N09KemtmWkVqdAo3WC9WOVBXNkdQeStGWUt4aWR4ZzFZbFFBWmlFTms0SGppUFNLN3VmN2hPY2JwcStyYWt0ZVhSQkFrQmhaaFFECkh5c20wbVBFTnNGNWhZdnRHTUpUOFFaYnpmNTZWUnYyc3dpSUYyL25qT3hneDFJbjZFczJlamlEdnhLNjdiV1AKQ29zbEViaFhMVFh0NStTekFrQjJQOUYzNExubE9tVjh4Zjk1VmVlcXNPbDFmWWx2Uy9vUUx1a2ZxVkJsTmtzNgpzdmNLVDJOQjlzSHlCeE8vY3Zqa0ZpWXdHR2MzNjlmQklkcDU1S2IwCi0tLS0tRU5EIFJTQSBQUklWQVRFIEtFWS0tLS0t';
-const UI_SIGN_IN_ROUTE = '/sign-in';
+
+const { privateKeyPath } = require('./jest.global-setup.js');
 
 process.env = {
   ...process.env,
-  OIDC_PROVIDER_PRIVATE_KEY_BASE64,
-  UI_SIGN_IN_ROUTE,
+  OIDC_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH: privateKeyPath,
 };
+/* eslint-enable unicorn/prefer-module */
diff --git a/packages/core/src/app/init.ts b/packages/core/src/app/init.ts
index b7206e27a..dc8a99e41 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/app/init.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/app/init.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import Koa from 'koa';
 import koaLogger from 'koa-logger';
 import mount from 'koa-mount';
 
-import { MountedApps, port } from '@/env/consts';
+import envSet, { MountedApps } from '@/env-set';
 import koaConnectorErrorHandler from '@/middleware/koa-connector-error-handle';
 import koaErrorHandler from '@/middleware/koa-error-handler';
 import koaI18next from '@/middleware/koa-i18next';
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ export default async function initApp(app: Koa): Promise<void> {
   );
   app.use(koaSpaProxy());
 
-  const { HTTPS_CERT, HTTPS_KEY } = process.env;
+  const { httpsCert, httpsKey, port } = envSet.values;
 
-  if (HTTPS_CERT && HTTPS_KEY) {
+  if (httpsCert && httpsKey) {
     https
       .createServer(
-        { cert: await fs.readFile(HTTPS_CERT), key: await fs.readFile(HTTPS_KEY) },
+        { cert: await fs.readFile(httpsCert), key: await fs.readFile(httpsKey) },
         app.callback()
       )
       .listen(port, () => {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/database/pool.ts b/packages/core/src/database/pool.ts
index ae69376ad..ff6103542 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/database/pool.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/database/pool.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-import { getEnv } from '@silverhand/essentials';
 import { createPool } from 'slonik';
 import { createInterceptors } from 'slonik-interceptor-preset';
 
+import envSet from '@/env-set';
+
 const interceptors = [...createInterceptors()];
 
-const pool = createPool(getEnv('DB_URL'), { interceptors });
+const pool = createPool(envSet.values.dbUrl, { interceptors });
 
 export default pool;
diff --git a/packages/core/src/env-set/index.ts b/packages/core/src/env-set/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34557b67c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/env-set/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import crypto from 'crypto';
+import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
+
+import { assertEnv, getEnv, Optional } from '@silverhand/essentials';
+import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';
+import { string, number } from 'zod';
+
+export enum MountedApps {
+  Api = 'api',
+  Oidc = 'oidc',
+  Console = 'console',
+}
+
+const readPrivateKey = (path: string): Optional<string> => {
+  try {
+    return readFileSync(path, 'utf-8');
+  } catch {}
+};
+
+const loadOidcValues = (port: number) => {
+  const privateKeyPath = getEnv('OIDC_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH', 'oidc-private-key.pem');
+  const privateKey = crypto.createPrivateKey(readPrivateKey(privateKeyPath) ?? '');
+  const publicKey = crypto.createPublicKey(privateKey);
+
+  return {
+    privateKeyPath,
+    privateKey,
+    publicKey,
+    issuer: getEnv('OIDC_ISSUER', `http://localhost:${port}/oidc`),
+    adminResource: getEnv('ADMIN_RESOURCE', 'https://api.logto.io'),
+    defaultIdTokenTtl: 60 * 60,
+    defaultRefreshTokenTtl: 14 * 24 * 60 * 60,
+  };
+};
+
+const loadEnvValues = () => {
+  const isProduction = getEnv('NODE_ENV') === 'production';
+  const isTest = getEnv('NODE_ENV') === 'test';
+  const port = Number(getEnv('PORT', '3001'));
+
+  return Object.freeze({
+    isTest,
+    isProduction,
+    dbUrl: isTest ? getEnv('DB_URL') : assertEnv('DB_URL'),
+    httpsCert: process.env.HTTPS_CERT,
+    httpsKey: process.env.HTTPS_KEY,
+    port,
+    developmentUserId: getEnv('DEVELOPMENT_USER_ID'),
+    trustingTlsOffloadingProxies: getEnv('TRUSTING_TLS_OFFLOADING_PROXIES') === 'true',
+    passwordPeppers: string()
+      .array()
+      .parse(isTest ? [nanoid()] : JSON.parse(assertEnv('PASSWORD_PEPPERS'))),
+    passwordIterationCount: number()
+      .min(100)
+      .parse(Number(getEnv('PASSWORD_ITERATION_COUNT', '1000'))),
+    oidc: loadOidcValues(port),
+  });
+};
+
+function createEnvSet() {
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @silverhand/fp/no-let
+  let values = loadEnvValues();
+
+  return {
+    values,
+    reload: () => {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @silverhand/fp/no-mutation
+      values = loadEnvValues();
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const envSet = createEnvSet();
+
+export default envSet;
diff --git a/packages/core/src/env/consts.ts b/packages/core/src/env/consts.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b17b484e..000000000
--- a/packages/core/src/env/consts.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import { assertEnv, getEnv } from '@silverhand/essentials';
-
-export const signIn = assertEnv('UI_SIGN_IN_ROUTE');
-export const isProduction = getEnv('NODE_ENV') === 'production';
-export const port = Number(getEnv('PORT', '3001'));
-export enum MountedApps {
-  Api = 'api',
-  Oidc = 'oidc',
-  Console = 'console',
-}
-export const developmentUserId = getEnv('DEVELOPMENT_USER_ID');
-
-// Trusting TLS offloading proxies: https://github.com/panva/node-oidc-provider/blob/main/docs/README.md#trusting-tls-offloading-proxies
-export const trustingTlsOffloadingProxies = getEnv('TRUSTING_TLS_OFFLOADING_PROXIES') === 'true';
diff --git a/packages/core/src/index.ts b/packages/core/src/index.ts
index 2510f21cb..d7cac4049 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/index.ts
@@ -8,16 +8,15 @@ dotenv.config();
 /* eslint-disable import/first */
 import initApp from './app/init';
 import { initConnectors } from './connectors';
-import { trustingTlsOffloadingProxies } from './env/consts';
+import envSet from './env-set';
 import initI18n from './i18n/init';
 /* eslint-enable import/first */
 
-const app = new Koa({
-  proxy: trustingTlsOffloadingProxies,
-});
-
 (async () => {
   try {
+    const app = new Koa({
+      proxy: envSet.values.trustingTlsOffloadingProxies,
+    });
     await initConnectors();
     await initI18n();
     await initApp(app);
diff --git a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.test.ts b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.test.ts
index 85c3b7902..d5c43f2d4 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.test.ts
@@ -31,10 +31,7 @@ describe('koaAuth middleware', () => {
 
   it('should read DEVELOPMENT_USER_ID from env variable first if not production', async () => {
     // Mock the @/env/consts
-    jest.mock('@/env/consts', () => ({
-      ...jest.requireActual('@/env/consts'),
-      developmentUserId: 'foo',
-    }));
+    process.env.DEVELOPMENT_USER_ID = 'foo';
 
     /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-require-imports */
     /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires */
diff --git a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.ts b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.ts
index d683c1078..cab2c1c31 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-auth.ts
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ import { jwtVerify } from 'jose/jwt/verify';
 import { MiddlewareType, Request } from 'koa';
 import { IRouterParamContext } from 'koa-router';
 
-import { developmentUserId, isProduction } from '@/env/consts';
+import envSet from '@/env-set';
 import RequestError from '@/errors/RequestError';
-import { publicKey, issuer, adminResource } from '@/oidc/consts';
 import assertThat from '@/utils/assert-that';
 
 export type WithAuthContext<ContextT extends IRouterParamContext = IRouterParamContext> =
@@ -33,10 +32,13 @@ const extractBearerTokenFromHeaders = ({ authorization }: IncomingHttpHeaders) =
 };
 
 const getUserIdFromRequest = async (request: Request) => {
+  const { isProduction, developmentUserId, oidc } = envSet.values;
+
   if (!isProduction && developmentUserId) {
     return developmentUserId;
   }
 
+  const { publicKey, issuer, adminResource } = oidc;
   const {
     payload: { sub },
   } = await jwtVerify(extractBearerTokenFromHeaders(request.headers), publicKey, {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.test.ts b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.test.ts
index 6ad359d52..8e35fb4cb 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { MountedApps } from '@/env/consts';
+import { MountedApps } from '@/env-set';
 import { createContextWithRouteParameters } from '@/utils/test-utils';
 
 import koaSpaProxy from './koa-spa-proxy';
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ describe('koaSpaProxy middleware', () => {
 
   it('production env should overwrite the request path to root if no target ui file are detected', async () => {
     process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production';
+    process.env.PASSWORD_PEPPERS = JSON.stringify(['foo']);
+    process.env.DB_URL = 'some_db_url';
 
     const ctx = createContextWithRouteParameters({
       url: '/foo',
@@ -63,6 +65,8 @@ describe('koaSpaProxy middleware', () => {
 
   it('production env should call the static middleware if path hit the ui file directory', async () => {
     process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production';
+    process.env.PASSWORD_PEPPERS = JSON.stringify(['foo']);
+    process.env.DB_URL = 'some_db_url';
 
     const { default: proxy } = await import('./koa-spa-proxy');
     const ctx = createContextWithRouteParameters({
diff --git a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.ts b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.ts
index 43edf7039..e3b1fb827 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/middleware/koa-spa-proxy.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import proxy from 'koa-proxies';
 import { IRouterParamContext } from 'koa-router';
 import serveStatic from 'koa-static';
 
-import { isProduction, MountedApps } from '@/env/consts';
+import envSet, { MountedApps } from '@/env-set';
 
 export default function koaSpaProxy<StateT, ContextT extends IRouterParamContext, ResponseBodyT>(
   packagePath = 'ui',
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export default function koaSpaProxy<StateT, ContextT extends IRouterParamContext
 
   const distPath = path.join('..', packagePath, 'dist');
 
-  const spaProxy: Middleware = isProduction
+  const spaProxy: Middleware = envSet.values.isProduction
     ? serveStatic(distPath)
     : proxy('*', {
         target: `http://localhost:${port}`,
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export default function koaSpaProxy<StateT, ContextT extends IRouterParamContext
       return next();
     }
 
-    if (!isProduction) {
+    if (!envSet.values.isProduction) {
       return spaProxy(ctx, next);
     }
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/oidc/consts.ts b/packages/core/src/oidc/consts.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bef44710a..000000000
--- a/packages/core/src/oidc/consts.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import crypto from 'crypto';
-
-import { getEnv } from '@silverhand/essentials';
-
-import { port } from '@/env/consts';
-
-export const privateKey = crypto.createPrivateKey(
-  Buffer.from(getEnv('OIDC_PROVIDER_PRIVATE_KEY_BASE64'), 'base64')
-);
-export const publicKey = crypto.createPublicKey(privateKey);
-
-export const issuer = getEnv('OIDC_ISSUER', `http://localhost:${port}/oidc`);
-export const adminResource = getEnv('ADMIN_RESOURCE', 'https://api.logto.io');
-
-export const defaultIdTokenTtl = 60 * 60;
-export const defaultRefreshTokenTtl = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60;
diff --git a/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts b/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts
index 81cea4ea1..631114a31 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/oidc/init.ts
@@ -6,15 +6,16 @@ import Koa from 'koa';
 import mount from 'koa-mount';
 import { Provider, errors } from 'oidc-provider';
 
+import envSet from '@/env-set';
 import postgresAdapter from '@/oidc/adapter';
 import { isOriginAllowed, validateCustomClientMetadata } from '@/oidc/utils';
 import { findResourceByIndicator } from '@/queries/resource';
 import { findUserById } from '@/queries/user';
 import { routes } from '@/routes/consts';
 
-import { issuer, privateKey, defaultIdTokenTtl, defaultRefreshTokenTtl } from './consts';
-
 export default async function initOidc(app: Koa): Promise<Provider> {
+  const { issuer, privateKey, defaultIdTokenTtl, defaultRefreshTokenTtl } = envSet.values.oidc;
+
   const keys = [await fromKeyLike(privateKey)];
   const cookieConfig = Object.freeze({
     sameSite: 'lax',
diff --git a/packages/core/src/routes/consts.ts b/packages/core/src/routes/consts.ts
index 6b484dff9..5daf0f88d 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/routes/consts.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/routes/consts.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { signIn } from '@/env/consts';
+const signIn = '/sign-in';
 
 export const routes = Object.freeze({
   signIn: {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/password.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/password.ts
index 67ba16b19..8c33f14d2 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/password.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/password.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,11 @@
 import { createHash } from 'crypto';
 
 import { UsersPasswordEncryptionMethod } from '@logto/schemas';
-import { assertEnv, repeat } from '@silverhand/essentials';
-import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';
-import { number, string } from 'zod';
+import { repeat } from '@silverhand/essentials';
 
+import envSet from '@/env-set';
 import assertThat from '@/utils/assert-that';
 
-const peppers = string()
-  .array()
-  .parse(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'test' ? [nanoid()] : JSON.parse(assertEnv('PASSWORD_PEPPERS')));
-const iterationCount = number()
-  .min(100)
-  .parse(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'test' ? 1000 : Number(assertEnv('PASSWORD_ITERATION_COUNT')));
-
 export const encryptPassword = (
   id: string,
   password: string,
@@ -32,7 +24,9 @@ export const encryptPassword = (
     (accumulator, current) => accumulator + (current.codePointAt(0) ?? 0),
     0
   );
+  const peppers = envSet.values.passwordPeppers;
   const pepper = peppers[sum % peppers.length];
+  const iterationCount = envSet.values.passwordIterationCount;
 
   assertThat(pepper, 'password.pepper_not_found');