caddy/modules/caddyhttp/server.go

// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package caddyhttp

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/tls"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/netip"
	"net/url"
	"runtime"
	"slices"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go"
	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/http3"
	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/qlog"
	"go.uber.org/zap"
	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"

	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyevents"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddytls"
)

// Server describes an HTTP server.
type Server struct {
	// Socket addresses to which to bind listeners. Accepts
	// [network addresses](/docs/conventions#network-addresses)
	// that may include port ranges. Listener addresses must
	// be unique; they cannot be repeated across all defined
	// servers.
	Listen []string `json:"listen,omitempty"`

	// A list of listener wrapper modules, which can modify the behavior
	// of the base listener. They are applied in the given order.
	ListenerWrappersRaw []json.RawMessage `json:"listener_wrappers,omitempty" caddy:"namespace=caddy.listeners inline_key=wrapper"`

	// How long to allow a read from a client's upload. Setting this
	// to a short, non-zero value can mitigate slowloris attacks, but
	// may also affect legitimately slow clients.
	ReadTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"read_timeout,omitempty"`

	// ReadHeaderTimeout is like ReadTimeout but for request headers.
	// Default is 1 minute.
	ReadHeaderTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"read_header_timeout,omitempty"`

	// WriteTimeout is how long to allow a write to a client. Note
	// that setting this to a small value when serving large files
	// may negatively affect legitimately slow clients.
	WriteTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"write_timeout,omitempty"`

	// IdleTimeout is the maximum time to wait for the next request
	// when keep-alives are enabled. If zero, a default timeout of
	// 5m is applied to help avoid resource exhaustion.
	IdleTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"idle_timeout,omitempty"`

	// KeepAliveInterval is the interval at which TCP keepalive packets
	// are sent to keep the connection alive at the TCP layer when no other
	// data is being transmitted. The default is 15s.
	KeepAliveInterval caddy.Duration `json:"keepalive_interval,omitempty"`

	// MaxHeaderBytes is the maximum size to parse from a client's
	// HTTP request headers.
	MaxHeaderBytes int `json:"max_header_bytes,omitempty"`

	// Enable full-duplex communication for HTTP/1 requests.
	// Only has an effect if Caddy was built with Go 1.21 or later.
	//
	// For HTTP/1 requests, the Go HTTP server by default consumes any
	// unread portion of the request body before beginning to write the
	// response, preventing handlers from concurrently reading from the
	// request and writing the response. Enabling this option disables
	// this behavior and permits handlers to continue to read from the
	// request while concurrently writing the response.
	//
	// For HTTP/2 requests, the Go HTTP server always permits concurrent
	// reads and responses, so this option has no effect.
	//
	// Test thoroughly with your HTTP clients, as some older clients may
	// not support full-duplex HTTP/1 which can cause them to deadlock.
	// See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/57786 for more info.
	//
	// TODO: This is an EXPERIMENTAL feature. Subject to change or removal.
	EnableFullDuplex bool `json:"enable_full_duplex,omitempty"`

	// Routes describes how this server will handle requests.
	// Routes are executed sequentially. First a route's matchers
	// are evaluated, then its grouping. If it matches and has
	// not been mutually-excluded by its grouping, then its
	// handlers are executed sequentially. The sequence of invoked
	// handlers comprises a compiled middleware chain that flows
	// from each matching route and its handlers to the next.
	//
	// By default, all unrouted requests receive a 200 OK response
	// to indicate the server is working.
	Routes RouteList `json:"routes,omitempty"`

	// Errors is how this server will handle errors returned from any
	// of the handlers in the primary routes. If the primary handler
	// chain returns an error, the error along with its recommended
	// status code are bubbled back up to the HTTP server which
	// executes a separate error route, specified using this property.
	// The error routes work exactly like the normal routes.
	Errors *HTTPErrorConfig `json:"errors,omitempty"`

	// NamedRoutes describes a mapping of reusable routes that can be
	// invoked by their name. This can be used to optimize memory usage
	// when the same route is needed for many subroutes, by having
	// the handlers and matchers be only provisioned once, but used from
	// many places. These routes are not executed unless they are invoked
	// from another route.
	//
	// EXPERIMENTAL: Subject to change or removal.
	NamedRoutes map[string]*Route `json:"named_routes,omitempty"`

	// How to handle TLS connections. At least one policy is
	// required to enable HTTPS on this server if automatic
	// HTTPS is disabled or does not apply.
	TLSConnPolicies caddytls.ConnectionPolicies `json:"tls_connection_policies,omitempty"`

	// AutoHTTPS configures or disables automatic HTTPS within this server.
	// HTTPS is enabled automatically and by default when qualifying names
	// are present in a Host matcher and/or when the server is listening
	// only on the HTTPS port.
	AutoHTTPS *AutoHTTPSConfig `json:"automatic_https,omitempty"`

	// If true, will require that a request's Host header match
	// the value of the ServerName sent by the client's TLS
	// ClientHello; often a necessary safeguard when using TLS
	// client authentication.
	StrictSNIHost *bool `json:"strict_sni_host,omitempty"`

	// A module which provides a source of IP ranges, from which
	// requests should be trusted. By default, no proxies are
	// trusted.
	//
	// On its own, this configuration will not do anything,
	// but it can be used as a default set of ranges for
	// handlers or matchers in routes to pick up, instead
	// of needing to configure each of them. See the
	// `reverse_proxy` handler for example, which uses this
	// to trust sensitive incoming `X-Forwarded-*` headers.
	TrustedProxiesRaw json.RawMessage `json:"trusted_proxies,omitempty" caddy:"namespace=http.ip_sources inline_key=source"`

	// The headers from which the client IP address could be
	// read from. These will be considered in order, with the
	// first good value being used as the client IP.
	// By default, only `X-Forwarded-For` is considered.
	//
	// This depends on `trusted_proxies` being configured and
	// the request being validated as coming from a trusted
	// proxy, otherwise the client IP will be set to the direct
	// remote IP address.
	ClientIPHeaders []string `json:"client_ip_headers,omitempty"`

	// If greater than zero, enables strict ClientIPHeaders
	// (default X-Forwarded-For) parsing. If enabled, the
	// ClientIPHeaders will be parsed from right to left, and
	// the first value that is both valid and doesn't match the
	// trusted proxy list will be used as client IP. If zero,
	// the ClientIPHeaders will be parsed from left to right,
	// and the first value that is a valid IP address will be
	// used as client IP.
	//
	// This depends on `trusted_proxies` being configured.
	// This option is disabled by default.
	TrustedProxiesStrict int `json:"trusted_proxies_strict,omitempty"`

	// Enables access logging and configures how access logs are handled
	// in this server. To minimally enable access logs, simply set this
	// to a non-null, empty struct.
	Logs *ServerLogConfig `json:"logs,omitempty"`

	// Protocols specifies which HTTP protocols to enable.
	// Supported values are:
	//
	// - `h1` (HTTP/1.1)
	// - `h2` (HTTP/2)
	// - `h2c` (cleartext HTTP/2)
	// - `h3` (HTTP/3)
	//
	// If enabling `h2` or `h2c`, `h1` must also be enabled;
	// this is due to current limitations in the Go standard
	// library.
	//
	// HTTP/2 operates only over TLS (HTTPS). HTTP/3 opens
	// a UDP socket to serve QUIC connections.
	//
	// H2C operates over plain TCP if the client supports it;
	// however, because this is not implemented by the Go
	// standard library, other server options are not compatible
	// and will not be applied to H2C requests. Do not enable this
	// only to achieve maximum client compatibility. In practice,
	// very few clients implement H2C, and even fewer require it.
	// Enabling H2C can be useful for serving/proxying gRPC
	// if encryption is not possible or desired.
	//
	// We recommend for most users to simply let Caddy use the
	// default settings.
	//
	// Default: `[h1 h2 h3]`
	Protocols []string `json:"protocols,omitempty"`

	// ListenProtocols overrides Protocols for each parallel address in Listen.
	// A nil value or element indicates that Protocols will be used instead.
	ListenProtocols [][]string `json:"listen_protocols,omitempty"`

	// If set, metrics observations will be enabled.
	// This setting is EXPERIMENTAL and subject to change.
	// DEPRECATED: Use the app-level `metrics` field.
	Metrics *Metrics `json:"metrics,omitempty"`

	name string

	primaryHandlerChain Handler
	errorHandlerChain   Handler
	listenerWrappers    []caddy.ListenerWrapper
	listeners           []net.Listener

	tlsApp       *caddytls.TLS
	events       *caddyevents.App
	logger       *zap.Logger
	accessLogger *zap.Logger
	errorLogger  *zap.Logger
	traceLogger  *zap.Logger
	ctx          caddy.Context

	server      *http.Server
	h3server    *http3.Server
	h2listeners []*http2Listener
	addresses   []caddy.NetworkAddress

	trustedProxies IPRangeSource

	shutdownAt   time.Time
	shutdownAtMu *sync.RWMutex

	// registered callback functions
	connStateFuncs   []func(net.Conn, http.ConnState)
	connContextFuncs []func(ctx context.Context, c net.Conn) context.Context
	onShutdownFuncs  []func()
	onStopFuncs      []func(context.Context) error // TODO: Experimental (Nov. 2023)
}

// ServeHTTP is the entry point for all HTTP requests.
func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	// If there are listener wrappers that process tls connections but don't return a *tls.Conn, this field will be nil.
	// TODO: Can be removed if https://github.com/golang/go/pull/56110 is ever merged.
	if r.TLS == nil {
		// not all requests have a conn (like virtual requests) - see #5698
		if conn, ok := r.Context().Value(ConnCtxKey).(net.Conn); ok {
			if csc, ok := conn.(connectionStateConn); ok {
				r.TLS = new(tls.ConnectionState)
				*r.TLS = csc.ConnectionState()
			}
		}
	}

	w.Header().Set("Server", "Caddy")

	// advertise HTTP/3, if enabled
	if s.h3server != nil {
		if r.ProtoMajor < 3 {
			err := s.h3server.SetQUICHeaders(w.Header())
			if err != nil {
				if c := s.logger.Check(zapcore.ErrorLevel, "setting HTTP/3 Alt-Svc header"); c != nil {
					c.Write(zap.Error(err))
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// reject very long methods; probably a mistake or an attack
	if len(r.Method) > 32 {
		if s.shouldLogRequest(r) {
			if c := s.accessLogger.Check(zapcore.DebugLevel, "rejecting request with long method"); c != nil {
				c.Write(
					zap.String("method_trunc", r.Method[:32]),
					zap.String("remote_addr", r.RemoteAddr),
				)
			}
		}
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
		return
	}

	repl := caddy.NewReplacer()
	r = PrepareRequest(r, repl, w, s)

	// enable full-duplex for HTTP/1, ensuring the entire
	// request body gets consumed before writing the response
	if s.EnableFullDuplex && r.ProtoMajor == 1 {
		//nolint:bodyclose
		err := http.NewResponseController(w).EnableFullDuplex()
		if err != nil {
			if c := s.logger.Check(zapcore.WarnLevel, "failed to enable full duplex"); c != nil {
				c.Write(zap.Error(err))
			}
		}
	}

	// clone the request for logging purposes before
	// it enters any handler chain; this is necessary
	// to capture the original request in case it gets
	// modified during handling
	// cloning the request and using .WithLazy is considerably faster
	// than using .With, which will JSON encode the request immediately
	shouldLogCredentials := s.Logs != nil && s.Logs.ShouldLogCredentials
	loggableReq := zap.Object("request", LoggableHTTPRequest{
		Request:              r.Clone(r.Context()),
		ShouldLogCredentials: shouldLogCredentials,
	})
	errLog := s.errorLogger.WithLazy(loggableReq)

	var duration time.Duration

	if s.shouldLogRequest(r) {
		wrec := NewResponseRecorder(w, nil, nil)
		w = wrec

		// wrap the request body in a LengthReader
		// so we can track the number of bytes read from it
		var bodyReader *lengthReader
		if r.Body != nil {
			bodyReader = &lengthReader{Source: r.Body}
			r.Body = bodyReader

			// should always be true, private interface can only be referenced in the same package
			if setReadSizer, ok := wrec.(interface{ setReadSize(*int) }); ok {
				setReadSizer.setReadSize(&bodyReader.Length)
			}
		}

		// capture the original version of the request
		accLog := s.accessLogger.With(loggableReq)

		defer s.logRequest(accLog, r, wrec, &duration, repl, bodyReader, shouldLogCredentials)
	}

	start := time.Now()

	// guarantee ACME HTTP challenges; handle them
	// separately from any user-defined handlers
	if s.tlsApp.HandleHTTPChallenge(w, r) {
		duration = time.Since(start)
		return
	}

	// execute the primary handler chain
	err := s.primaryHandlerChain.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	duration = time.Since(start)

	// if no errors, we're done!
	if err == nil {
		return
	}

	// restore original request before invoking error handler chain (issue #3717)
	// TODO: this does not restore original headers, if modified (for efficiency)
	origReq := r.Context().Value(OriginalRequestCtxKey).(http.Request)
	r.Method = origReq.Method
	r.RemoteAddr = origReq.RemoteAddr
	r.RequestURI = origReq.RequestURI
	cloneURL(origReq.URL, r.URL)

	// prepare the error log
	errLog = errLog.With(zap.Duration("duration", duration))
	errLoggers := []*zap.Logger{errLog}
	if s.Logs != nil {
		errLoggers = s.Logs.wrapLogger(errLog, r)
	}

	// get the values that will be used to log the error
	errStatus, errMsg, errFields := errLogValues(err)

	// add HTTP error information to request context
	r = s.Errors.WithError(r, err)

	var fields []zapcore.Field
	if s.Errors != nil && len(s.Errors.Routes) > 0 {
		// execute user-defined error handling route
		err2 := s.errorHandlerChain.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		if err2 == nil {
			// user's error route handled the error response
			// successfully, so now just log the error
			for _, logger := range errLoggers {
				if c := logger.Check(zapcore.DebugLevel, errMsg); c != nil {
					if fields == nil {
						fields = errFields()
					}

					c.Write(fields...)
				}
			}
		} else {
			// well... this is awkward
			for _, logger := range errLoggers {
				if c := logger.Check(zapcore.ErrorLevel, "error handling handler error"); c != nil {
					if fields == nil {
						fields = errFields()
						fields = append([]zapcore.Field{
							zap.String("error", err2.Error()),
							zap.Namespace("first_error"),
							zap.String("msg", errMsg),
						}, fields...)
					}
					c.Write(fields...)
				}
			}
			if handlerErr, ok := err.(HandlerError); ok {
				w.WriteHeader(handlerErr.StatusCode)
			} else {
				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
			}
		}
	} else {
		logLevel := zapcore.DebugLevel
		if errStatus >= 500 {
			logLevel = zapcore.ErrorLevel
		}

		for _, logger := range errLoggers {
			if c := logger.Check(logLevel, errMsg); c != nil {
				if fields == nil {
					fields = errFields()
				}
				c.Write(fields...)
			}
		}
		w.WriteHeader(errStatus)
	}
}

// wrapPrimaryRoute wraps stack (a compiled middleware handler chain)
// in s.enforcementHandler which performs crucial security checks, etc.
func (s *Server) wrapPrimaryRoute(stack Handler) Handler {
	return HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
		return s.enforcementHandler(w, r, stack)
	})
}

// enforcementHandler is an implicit middleware which performs
// standard checks before executing the HTTP middleware chain.
func (s *Server) enforcementHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, next Handler) error {
	// enforce strict host matching, which ensures that the SNI
	// value (if any), matches the Host header; essential for
	// servers that rely on TLS ClientAuth sharing a listener
	// with servers that do not; if not enforced, client could
	// bypass by sending benign SNI then restricted Host header
	if s.StrictSNIHost != nil && *s.StrictSNIHost && r.TLS != nil {
		hostname, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(r.Host)
		if err != nil {
			hostname = r.Host // OK; probably lacked port
		}
		if !strings.EqualFold(r.TLS.ServerName, hostname) {
			err := fmt.Errorf("strict host matching: TLS ServerName (%s) and HTTP Host (%s) values differ",
				r.TLS.ServerName, hostname)
			r.Close = true
			return Error(http.StatusMisdirectedRequest, err)
		}
	}
	return next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

// listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan returns true if there are any
// listeners in s that use a port which is not otherPort.
func (s *Server) listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(otherPort int) bool {
	for _, lnAddr := range s.Listen {
		laddrs, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(lnAddr)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		if uint(otherPort) > laddrs.EndPort || uint(otherPort) < laddrs.StartPort {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// hasListenerAddress returns true if s has a listener
// at the given address fullAddr. Currently, fullAddr
// must represent exactly one socket address (port
// ranges are not supported)
func (s *Server) hasListenerAddress(fullAddr string) bool {
	laddrs, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(fullAddr)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	if laddrs.PortRangeSize() != 1 {
		return false // TODO: support port ranges
	}

	for _, lnAddr := range s.Listen {
		thisAddrs, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(lnAddr)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		if thisAddrs.Network != laddrs.Network {
			continue
		}

		// Apparently, Linux requires all bound ports to be distinct
		// *regardless of host interface* even if the addresses are
		// in fact different; binding "192.168.0.1:9000" and then
		// ":9000" will fail for ":9000" because "address is already
		// in use" even though it's not, and the same bindings work
		// fine on macOS. I also found on Linux that listening on
		// "[::]:9000" would fail with a similar error, except with
		// the address "0.0.0.0:9000", as if deliberately ignoring
		// that I specified the IPv6 interface explicitly. This seems
		// to be a major bug in the Linux network stack and I don't
		// know why it hasn't been fixed yet, so for now we have to
		// special-case ourselves around Linux like a doting parent.
		// The second issue seems very similar to a discussion here:
		// https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/9390
		//
		// This is very easy to reproduce by creating an HTTP server
		// that listens to both addresses or just one with a host
		// interface; or for a more confusing reproduction, try
		// listening on "127.0.0.1:80" and ":443" and you'll see
		// the error, if you take away the GOOS condition below.
		//
		// So, an address is equivalent if the port is in the port
		// range, and if not on Linux, the host is the same... sigh.
		if (runtime.GOOS == "linux" || thisAddrs.Host == laddrs.Host) &&
			(laddrs.StartPort <= thisAddrs.EndPort) &&
			(laddrs.StartPort >= thisAddrs.StartPort) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (s *Server) hasTLSClientAuth() bool {
	return slices.ContainsFunc(s.TLSConnPolicies, func(cp *caddytls.ConnectionPolicy) bool {
		return cp.ClientAuthentication != nil && cp.ClientAuthentication.Active()
	})
}

// findLastRouteWithHostMatcher returns the index of the last route
// in the server which has a host matcher. Used during Automatic HTTPS
// to determine where to insert the HTTP->HTTPS redirect route, such
// that it is after any other host matcher but before any "catch-all"
// route without a host matcher.
func (s *Server) findLastRouteWithHostMatcher() int {
	foundHostMatcher := false
	lastIndex := len(s.Routes)

	for i, route := range s.Routes {
		// since we want to break out of an inner loop, use a closure
		// to allow us to use 'return' when we found a host matcher
		found := (func() bool {
			for _, sets := range route.MatcherSets {
				for _, matcher := range sets {
					switch matcher.(type) {
					case *MatchHost:
						foundHostMatcher = true
						return true
					}
				}
			}
			return false
		})()

		// if we found the host matcher, change the lastIndex to
		// just after the current route
		if found {
			lastIndex = i + 1
		}
	}

	// If we didn't actually find a host matcher, return 0
	// because that means every defined route was a "catch-all".
	// See https://caddy.community/t/how-to-set-priority-in-caddyfile/13002/8
	if !foundHostMatcher {
		return 0
	}

	return lastIndex
}

// serveHTTP3 creates a QUIC listener, configures an HTTP/3 server if
// not already done, and then uses that server to serve HTTP/3 over
// the listener, with Server s as the handler.
func (s *Server) serveHTTP3(addr caddy.NetworkAddress, tlsCfg *tls.Config) error {
	h3net, err := getHTTP3Network(addr.Network)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("starting HTTP/3 QUIC listener: %v", err)
	}
	addr.Network = h3net
	h3ln, err := addr.ListenQUIC(s.ctx, 0, net.ListenConfig{}, tlsCfg)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("starting HTTP/3 QUIC listener: %v", err)
	}

	// create HTTP/3 server if not done already
	if s.h3server == nil {
		s.h3server = &http3.Server{
			Handler:        s,
			TLSConfig:      tlsCfg,
			MaxHeaderBytes: s.MaxHeaderBytes,
			QUICConfig: &quic.Config{
				Versions: []quic.Version{quic.Version1, quic.Version2},
				Tracer:   qlog.DefaultConnectionTracer,
			},
			IdleTimeout: time.Duration(s.IdleTimeout),
		}
	}

	//nolint:errcheck
	go s.h3server.ServeListener(h3ln)

	return nil
}

// configureServer applies/binds the registered callback functions to the server.
func (s *Server) configureServer(server *http.Server) {
	for _, f := range s.connStateFuncs {
		if server.ConnState != nil {
			baseConnStateFunc := server.ConnState
			server.ConnState = func(conn net.Conn, state http.ConnState) {
				baseConnStateFunc(conn, state)
				f(conn, state)
			}
		} else {
			server.ConnState = f
		}
	}

	for _, f := range s.connContextFuncs {
		if server.ConnContext != nil {
			baseConnContextFunc := server.ConnContext
			server.ConnContext = func(ctx context.Context, c net.Conn) context.Context {
				return f(baseConnContextFunc(ctx, c), c)
			}
		} else {
			server.ConnContext = f
		}
	}

	for _, f := range s.onShutdownFuncs {
		server.RegisterOnShutdown(f)
	}
}

// RegisterConnState registers f to be invoked on s.ConnState.
func (s *Server) RegisterConnState(f func(net.Conn, http.ConnState)) {
	s.connStateFuncs = append(s.connStateFuncs, f)
}

// RegisterConnContext registers f to be invoked as part of s.ConnContext.
func (s *Server) RegisterConnContext(f func(ctx context.Context, c net.Conn) context.Context) {
	s.connContextFuncs = append(s.connContextFuncs, f)
}

// RegisterOnShutdown registers f to be invoked when the server begins to shut down.
func (s *Server) RegisterOnShutdown(f func()) {
	s.onShutdownFuncs = append(s.onShutdownFuncs, f)
}

// RegisterOnStop registers f to be invoked after the server has shut down completely.
//
// EXPERIMENTAL: Subject to change or removal.
func (s *Server) RegisterOnStop(f func(context.Context) error) {
	s.onStopFuncs = append(s.onStopFuncs, f)
}

// HTTPErrorConfig determines how to handle errors
// from the HTTP handlers.
type HTTPErrorConfig struct {
	// The routes to evaluate after the primary handler
	// chain returns an error. In an error route, extra
	// placeholders are available:
	//
	// Placeholder | Description
	// ------------|---------------
	// `{http.error.status_code}` | The recommended HTTP status code
	// `{http.error.status_text}` | The status text associated with the recommended status code
	// `{http.error.message}`     | The error message
	// `{http.error.trace}`       | The origin of the error
	// `{http.error.id}`          | An identifier for this occurrence of the error
	Routes RouteList `json:"routes,omitempty"`
}

// WithError makes a shallow copy of r to add the error to its
// context, and sets placeholders on the request's replacer
// related to err. It returns the modified request which has
// the error information in its context and replacer. It
// overwrites any existing error values that are stored.
func (*HTTPErrorConfig) WithError(r *http.Request, err error) *http.Request {
	// add the raw error value to the request context
	// so it can be accessed by error handlers
	c := context.WithValue(r.Context(), ErrorCtxKey, err)
	r = r.WithContext(c)

	// add error values to the replacer
	repl := r.Context().Value(caddy.ReplacerCtxKey).(*caddy.Replacer)
	repl.Set("http.error", err)
	if handlerErr, ok := err.(HandlerError); ok {
		repl.Set("http.error.status_code", handlerErr.StatusCode)
		repl.Set("http.error.status_text", http.StatusText(handlerErr.StatusCode))
		repl.Set("http.error.id", handlerErr.ID)
		repl.Set("http.error.trace", handlerErr.Trace)
		if handlerErr.Err != nil {
			repl.Set("http.error.message", handlerErr.Err.Error())
		} else {
			repl.Set("http.error.message", http.StatusText(handlerErr.StatusCode))
		}
	}

	return r
}

// shouldLogRequest returns true if this request should be logged.
func (s *Server) shouldLogRequest(r *http.Request) bool {
	if s.accessLogger == nil || s.Logs == nil {
		// logging is disabled
		return false
	}

	// strip off the port if any, logger names are host only
	hostWithoutPort, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(r.Host)
	if err != nil {
		hostWithoutPort = r.Host
	}

	if _, ok := s.Logs.LoggerNames[hostWithoutPort]; ok {
		// this host is mapped to a particular logger name
		return true
	}
	for _, dh := range s.Logs.SkipHosts {
		// logging for this particular host is disabled
		if certmagic.MatchWildcard(hostWithoutPort, dh) {
			return false
		}
	}
	// if configured, this host is not mapped and thus must not be logged
	return !s.Logs.SkipUnmappedHosts
}

// logTrace will log that this middleware handler is being invoked.
// It emits at DEBUG level.
func (s *Server) logTrace(mh MiddlewareHandler) {
	if s.Logs == nil || !s.Logs.Trace {
		return
	}
	if c := s.traceLogger.Check(zapcore.DebugLevel, caddy.GetModuleName(mh)); c != nil {
		c.Write(zap.Any("module", mh))
	}
}

// logRequest logs the request to access logs, unless skipped.
func (s *Server) logRequest(
	accLog *zap.Logger, r *http.Request, wrec ResponseRecorder, duration *time.Duration,
	repl *caddy.Replacer, bodyReader *lengthReader, shouldLogCredentials bool,
) {
	// this request may be flagged as omitted from the logs
	if skip, ok := GetVar(r.Context(), LogSkipVar).(bool); ok && skip {
		return
	}

	status := wrec.Status()
	size := wrec.Size()

	repl.Set("http.response.status", status) // will be 0 if no response is written by us (Go will write 200 to client)
	repl.Set("http.response.size", size)
	repl.Set("http.response.duration", duration)
	repl.Set("http.response.duration_ms", duration.Seconds()*1e3) // multiply seconds to preserve decimal (see #4666)

	loggers := []*zap.Logger{accLog}
	if s.Logs != nil {
		loggers = s.Logs.wrapLogger(accLog, r)
	}

	message := "handled request"
	if nop, ok := GetVar(r.Context(), "unhandled").(bool); ok && nop {
		message = "NOP"
	}

	logLevel := zapcore.InfoLevel
	if status >= 500 {
		logLevel = zapcore.ErrorLevel
	}

	var fields []zapcore.Field
	for _, logger := range loggers {
		c := logger.Check(logLevel, message)
		if c == nil {
			continue
		}

		if fields == nil {
			userID, _ := repl.GetString("http.auth.user.id")

			reqBodyLength := 0
			if bodyReader != nil {
				reqBodyLength = bodyReader.Length
			}

			extra := r.Context().Value(ExtraLogFieldsCtxKey).(*ExtraLogFields)

			fieldCount := 6
			fields = make([]zapcore.Field, 0, fieldCount+len(extra.fields))
			fields = append(fields,
				zap.Int("bytes_read", reqBodyLength),
				zap.String("user_id", userID),
				zap.Duration("duration", *duration),
				zap.Int("size", size),
				zap.Int("status", status),
				zap.Object("resp_headers", LoggableHTTPHeader{
					Header:               wrec.Header(),
					ShouldLogCredentials: shouldLogCredentials,
				}),
			)
			fields = append(fields, extra.fields...)
		}

		c.Write(fields...)
	}
}

// protocol returns true if the protocol proto is configured/enabled.
func (s *Server) protocol(proto string) bool {
	if s.ListenProtocols == nil {
		if slices.Contains(s.Protocols, proto) {
			return true
		}
	} else {
		for _, lnProtocols := range s.ListenProtocols {
			for _, lnProtocol := range lnProtocols {
				if lnProtocol == "" && slices.Contains(s.Protocols, proto) || lnProtocol == proto {
					return true
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return false
}

// Listeners returns the server's listeners. These are active listeners,
// so calling Accept() or Close() on them will probably break things.
// They are made available here for read-only purposes (e.g. Addr())
// and for type-asserting for purposes where you know what you're doing.
//
// EXPERIMENTAL: Subject to change or removal.
func (s *Server) Listeners() []net.Listener { return s.listeners }

// Name returns the server's name.
func (s *Server) Name() string { return s.name }

// PrepareRequest fills the request r for use in a Caddy HTTP handler chain. w and s can
// be nil, but the handlers will lose response placeholders and access to the server.
func PrepareRequest(r *http.Request, repl *caddy.Replacer, w http.ResponseWriter, s *Server) *http.Request {
	// set up the context for the request
	ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), caddy.ReplacerCtxKey, repl)
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ServerCtxKey, s)

	trusted, clientIP := determineTrustedProxy(r, s)
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, VarsCtxKey, map[string]any{
		TrustedProxyVarKey: trusted,
		ClientIPVarKey:     clientIP,
	})

	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, routeGroupCtxKey, make(map[string]struct{}))

	var url2 url.URL // avoid letting this escape to the heap
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, OriginalRequestCtxKey, originalRequest(r, &url2))

	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ExtraLogFieldsCtxKey, new(ExtraLogFields))
	r = r.WithContext(ctx)

	// once the pointer to the request won't change
	// anymore, finish setting up the replacer
	addHTTPVarsToReplacer(repl, r, w)

	return r
}

// originalRequest returns a partial, shallow copy of
// req, including: req.Method, deep copy of req.URL
// (into the urlCopy parameter, which should be on the
// stack), req.RequestURI, and req.RemoteAddr. Notably,
// headers are not copied. This function is designed to
// be very fast and efficient, and useful primarily for
// read-only/logging purposes.
func originalRequest(req *http.Request, urlCopy *url.URL) http.Request {
	cloneURL(req.URL, urlCopy)
	return http.Request{
		Method:     req.Method,
		RemoteAddr: req.RemoteAddr,
		RequestURI: req.RequestURI,
		URL:        urlCopy,
	}
}

// determineTrustedProxy parses the remote IP address of
// the request, and determines (if the server configured it)
// if the client is a trusted proxy. If trusted, also returns
// the real client IP if possible.
func determineTrustedProxy(r *http.Request, s *Server) (bool, string) {
	// If there's no server, then we can't check anything
	if s == nil {
		return false, ""
	}

	// Parse the remote IP, ignore the error as non-fatal,
	// but the remote IP is required to continue, so we
	// just return early. This should probably never happen
	// though, unless some other module manipulated the request's
	// remote address and used an invalid value.
	clientIP, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(r.RemoteAddr)
	if err != nil {
		return false, ""
	}

	// Client IP may contain a zone if IPv6, so we need
	// to pull that out before parsing the IP
	clientIP, _, _ = strings.Cut(clientIP, "%")
	ipAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(clientIP)
	if err != nil {
		return false, ""
	}

	// Check if the client is a trusted proxy
	if s.trustedProxies == nil {
		return false, ipAddr.String()
	}

	if isTrustedClientIP(ipAddr, s.trustedProxies.GetIPRanges(r)) {
		if s.TrustedProxiesStrict > 0 {
			return true, strictUntrustedClientIp(r, s.ClientIPHeaders, s.trustedProxies.GetIPRanges(r), ipAddr.String())
		}
		return true, trustedRealClientIP(r, s.ClientIPHeaders, ipAddr.String())
	}

	return false, ipAddr.String()
}

// isTrustedClientIP returns true if the given IP address is
// in the list of trusted IP ranges.
func isTrustedClientIP(ipAddr netip.Addr, trusted []netip.Prefix) bool {
	return slices.ContainsFunc(trusted, func(prefix netip.Prefix) bool {
		return prefix.Contains(ipAddr)
	})
}

// trustedRealClientIP finds the client IP from the request assuming it is
// from a trusted client. If there is no client IP headers, then the
// direct remote address is returned. If there are client IP headers,
// then the first value from those headers is used.
func trustedRealClientIP(r *http.Request, headers []string, clientIP string) string {
	// Read all the values of the configured client IP headers, in order
	var values []string
	for _, field := range headers {
		values = append(values, r.Header.Values(field)...)
	}

	// If we don't have any values, then give up
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return clientIP
	}

	// Since there can be many header values, we need to
	// join them together before splitting to get the full list
	allValues := strings.Split(strings.Join(values, ","), ",")

	// Get first valid left-most IP address
	for _, part := range allValues {
		// Some proxies may retain the port number, so split if possible
		host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(part)
		if err != nil {
			host = part
		}

		// Remove any zone identifier from the IP address
		host, _, _ = strings.Cut(strings.TrimSpace(host), "%")

		// Parse the IP address
		ipAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(host)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		return ipAddr.String()
	}

	// We didn't find a valid IP
	return clientIP
}

// strictUntrustedClientIp iterates through the list of client IP headers,
// parses them from right-to-left, and returns the first valid IP address
// that is untrusted. If no valid IP address is found, then the direct
// remote address is returned.
func strictUntrustedClientIp(r *http.Request, headers []string, trusted []netip.Prefix, clientIP string) string {
	for _, headerName := range headers {
		parts := strings.Split(strings.Join(r.Header.Values(headerName), ","), ",")

		for i := len(parts) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
			// Some proxies may retain the port number, so split if possible
			host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(parts[i])
			if err != nil {
				host = parts[i]
			}

			// Remove any zone identifier from the IP address
			host, _, _ = strings.Cut(strings.TrimSpace(host), "%")

			// Parse the IP address
			ipAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(host)
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			if !isTrustedClientIP(ipAddr, trusted) {
				return ipAddr.String()
			}
		}
	}

	return clientIP
}

// cloneURL makes a copy of r.URL and returns a
// new value that doesn't reference the original.
func cloneURL(from, to *url.URL) {
	*to = *from
	if from.User != nil {
		userInfo := new(url.Userinfo)
		*userInfo = *from.User
		to.User = userInfo
	}
}

// lengthReader is an io.ReadCloser that keeps track of the
// number of bytes read from the request body.
type lengthReader struct {
	Source io.ReadCloser
	Length int
}

func (r *lengthReader) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
	n, err := r.Source.Read(b)
	r.Length += n
	return n, err
}

func (r *lengthReader) Close() error {
	return r.Source.Close()
}

// Context keys for HTTP request context values.
const (
	// For referencing the server instance
	ServerCtxKey caddy.CtxKey = "server"

	// For the request's variable table
	VarsCtxKey caddy.CtxKey = "vars"

	// For a partial copy of the unmodified request that
	// originally came into the server's entry handler
	OriginalRequestCtxKey caddy.CtxKey = "original_request"

	// For referencing underlying net.Conn
	ConnCtxKey caddy.CtxKey = "conn"

	// For tracking whether the client is a trusted proxy
	TrustedProxyVarKey string = "trusted_proxy"

	// For tracking the real client IP (affected by trusted_proxy)
	ClientIPVarKey string = "client_ip"
)

var networkTypesHTTP3 = map[string]string{
	"unixgram": "unixgram",
	"udp":      "udp",
	"udp4":     "udp4",
	"udp6":     "udp6",
	"tcp":      "udp",
	"tcp4":     "udp4",
	"tcp6":     "udp6",
	"fdgram":   "fdgram",
}

// RegisterNetworkHTTP3 registers a mapping from non-HTTP/3 network to HTTP/3
// network. This should be called during init() and will panic if the network
// type is standard, reserved, or already registered.
//
// EXPERIMENTAL: Subject to change.
func RegisterNetworkHTTP3(originalNetwork, h3Network string) {
	if _, ok := networkTypesHTTP3[strings.ToLower(originalNetwork)]; ok {
		panic("network type " + originalNetwork + " is already registered")
	}
	networkTypesHTTP3[originalNetwork] = h3Network
}

func getHTTP3Network(originalNetwork string) (string, error) {
	h3Network, ok := networkTypesHTTP3[strings.ToLower(originalNetwork)]
	if !ok {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("network '%s' cannot handle HTTP/3 connections", originalNetwork)
	}
	return h3Network, nil
}