caddy/modules/caddyhttp/reverseproxy/caddyfile.go

// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package reverseproxy

import (
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"

	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/httpcaddyfile"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp/headers"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp/rewrite"
	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
)

func init() {
	httpcaddyfile.RegisterHandlerDirective("reverse_proxy", parseCaddyfile)
	httpcaddyfile.RegisterHandlerDirective("copy_response", parseCopyResponseCaddyfile)
	httpcaddyfile.RegisterHandlerDirective("copy_response_headers", parseCopyResponseHeadersCaddyfile)
}

func parseCaddyfile(h httpcaddyfile.Helper) (caddyhttp.MiddlewareHandler, error) {
	rp := new(Handler)
	err := rp.UnmarshalCaddyfile(h.Dispenser)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	err = rp.FinalizeUnmarshalCaddyfile(h)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return rp, nil
}

// UnmarshalCaddyfile sets up the handler from Caddyfile tokens. Syntax:
//
//	reverse_proxy [<matcher>] [<upstreams...>] {
//	    # backends
//	    to      <upstreams...>
//	    dynamic <name> [...]
//
//	    # load balancing
//	    lb_policy <name> [<options...>]
//	    lb_retries <retries>
//	    lb_try_duration <duration>
//	    lb_try_interval <interval>
//	    lb_retry_match <request-matcher>
//
//	    # active health checking
//	    health_uri      <uri>
//	    health_port     <port>
//	    health_interval <interval>
//	    health_timeout  <duration>
//	    health_status   <status>
//	    health_body     <regexp>
//	    health_headers {
//	        <field> [<values...>]
//	    }
//
//	    # passive health checking
//	    fail_duration     <duration>
//	    max_fails         <num>
//	    unhealthy_status  <status>
//	    unhealthy_latency <duration>
//	    unhealthy_request_count <num>
//
//	    # streaming
//	    flush_interval <duration>
//	    buffer_requests
//	    buffer_responses
//	    max_buffer_size <size>
//
//	    # request manipulation
//	    trusted_proxies [private_ranges] <ranges...>
//	    header_up   [+|-]<field> [<value|regexp> [<replacement>]]
//	    header_down [+|-]<field> [<value|regexp> [<replacement>]]
//	    method <method>
//	    rewrite <to>
//
//	    # round trip
//	    transport <name> {
//	        ...
//	    }
//
//	    # optionally intercept responses from upstream
//	    @name {
//	        status <code...>
//	        header <field> [<value>]
//	    }
//	    replace_status [<matcher>] <status_code>
//	    handle_response [<matcher>] {
//	        <directives...>
//
//	        # special directives only available in handle_response
//	        copy_response [<matcher>] [<status>] {
//	            status <status>
//	        }
//	        copy_response_headers [<matcher>] {
//	            include <fields...>
//	            exclude <fields...>
//	        }
//	    }
//	}
//
// Proxy upstream addresses should be network dial addresses such
// as `host:port`, or a URL such as `scheme://host:port`. Scheme
// and port may be inferred from other parts of the address/URL; if
// either are missing, defaults to HTTP.
//
// The FinalizeUnmarshalCaddyfile method should be called after this
// to finalize parsing of "handle_response" blocks, if possible.
func (h *Handler) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
	// currently, all backends must use the same scheme/protocol (the
	// underlying JSON does not yet support per-backend transports)
	var commonScheme string

	// we'll wait until the very end of parsing before
	// validating and encoding the transport
	var transport http.RoundTripper
	var transportModuleName string

	// collect the response matchers defined as subdirectives
	// prefixed with "@" for use with "handle_response" blocks
	h.responseMatchers = make(map[string]caddyhttp.ResponseMatcher)

	// appendUpstream creates an upstream for address and adds
	// it to the list. If the address starts with "srv+" it is
	// treated as a SRV-based upstream, and any port will be
	// dropped.
	appendUpstream := func(address string) error {
		isSRV := strings.HasPrefix(address, "srv+")
		if isSRV {
			address = strings.TrimPrefix(address, "srv+")
		}

		dialAddr, scheme, err := parseUpstreamDialAddress(address)
		if err != nil {
			return d.WrapErr(err)
		}

		// the underlying JSON does not yet support different
		// transports (protocols or schemes) to each backend,
		// so we remember the last one we see and compare them
		if commonScheme != "" && scheme != commonScheme {
			return d.Errf("for now, all proxy upstreams must use the same scheme (transport protocol); expecting '%s://' but got '%s://'",
				commonScheme, scheme)
		}
		commonScheme = scheme

		if isSRV {
			if host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(dialAddr); err == nil {
				dialAddr = host
			}
			h.Upstreams = append(h.Upstreams, &Upstream{LookupSRV: dialAddr})
		} else {
			h.Upstreams = append(h.Upstreams, &Upstream{Dial: dialAddr})
		}
		return nil
	}

	for d.Next() {
		for _, up := range d.RemainingArgs() {
			err := appendUpstream(up)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}

		for d.NextBlock(0) {
			// if the subdirective has an "@" prefix then we
			// parse it as a response matcher for use with "handle_response"
			if strings.HasPrefix(d.Val(), matcherPrefix) {
				err := caddyhttp.ParseNamedResponseMatcher(d.NewFromNextSegment(), h.responseMatchers)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				continue
			}

			switch d.Val() {
			case "to":
				args := d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(args) == 0 {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				for _, up := range args {
					err := appendUpstream(up)
					if err != nil {
						return err
					}
				}

			case "dynamic":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.DynamicUpstreams != nil {
					return d.Err("dynamic upstreams already specified")
				}
				dynModule := d.Val()
				modID := "http.reverse_proxy.upstreams." + dynModule
				unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				source, ok := unm.(UpstreamSource)
				if !ok {
					return d.Errf("module %s (%T) is not an UpstreamSource", modID, unm)
				}
				h.DynamicUpstreamsRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(source, "source", dynModule, nil)

			case "lb_policy":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.LoadBalancing != nil && h.LoadBalancing.SelectionPolicyRaw != nil {
					return d.Err("load balancing selection policy already specified")
				}
				name := d.Val()
				modID := "http.reverse_proxy.selection_policies." + name
				unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				sel, ok := unm.(Selector)
				if !ok {
					return d.Errf("module %s (%T) is not a reverseproxy.Selector", modID, unm)
				}
				if h.LoadBalancing == nil {
					h.LoadBalancing = new(LoadBalancing)
				}
				h.LoadBalancing.SelectionPolicyRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(sel, "policy", name, nil)

			case "lb_retries":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				tries, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad lb_retries number '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				if h.LoadBalancing == nil {
					h.LoadBalancing = new(LoadBalancing)
				}
				h.LoadBalancing.Retries = tries

			case "lb_try_duration":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.LoadBalancing == nil {
					h.LoadBalancing = new(LoadBalancing)
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad duration value %s: %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.LoadBalancing.TryDuration = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "lb_try_interval":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.LoadBalancing == nil {
					h.LoadBalancing = new(LoadBalancing)
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad interval value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.LoadBalancing.TryInterval = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "lb_retry_match":
				matcherSet, err := caddyhttp.ParseCaddyfileNestedMatcherSet(d)
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("failed to parse lb_retry_match: %v", err)
				}
				if h.LoadBalancing == nil {
					h.LoadBalancing = new(LoadBalancing)
				}
				h.LoadBalancing.RetryMatchRaw = append(h.LoadBalancing.RetryMatchRaw, matcherSet)

			case "health_uri":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.URI = d.Val()

			case "health_path":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.Path = d.Val()
				caddy.Log().Named("config.adapter.caddyfile").Warn("the 'health_path' subdirective is deprecated, please use 'health_uri' instead!")

			case "health_port":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				portNum, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad port number '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.Port = portNum

			case "health_headers":
				healthHeaders := make(http.Header)
				for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
					key := d.Val()
					values := d.RemainingArgs()
					if len(values) == 0 {
						values = append(values, "")
					}
					healthHeaders[key] = values
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.Headers = healthHeaders

			case "health_interval":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad interval value %s: %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.Interval = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "health_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad timeout value %s: %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.Timeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "health_status":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				val := d.Val()
				if len(val) == 3 && strings.HasSuffix(val, "xx") {
					val = val[:1]
				}
				statusNum, err := strconv.Atoi(val)
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad status value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.ExpectStatus = statusNum

			case "health_body":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Active == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Active = new(ActiveHealthChecks)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Active.ExpectBody = d.Val()

			case "max_fails":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Passive == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Passive = new(PassiveHealthChecks)
				}
				maxFails, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid maximum fail count '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Passive.MaxFails = maxFails

			case "fail_duration":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Passive == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Passive = new(PassiveHealthChecks)
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad duration value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Passive.FailDuration = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "unhealthy_request_count":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Passive == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Passive = new(PassiveHealthChecks)
				}
				maxConns, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid maximum connection count '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Passive.UnhealthyRequestCount = maxConns

			case "unhealthy_status":
				args := d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(args) == 0 {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Passive == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Passive = new(PassiveHealthChecks)
				}
				for _, arg := range args {
					if len(arg) == 3 && strings.HasSuffix(arg, "xx") {
						arg = arg[:1]
					}
					statusNum, err := strconv.Atoi(arg)
					if err != nil {
						return d.Errf("bad status value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
					}
					h.HealthChecks.Passive.UnhealthyStatus = append(h.HealthChecks.Passive.UnhealthyStatus, statusNum)
				}

			case "unhealthy_latency":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.HealthChecks == nil {
					h.HealthChecks = new(HealthChecks)
				}
				if h.HealthChecks.Passive == nil {
					h.HealthChecks.Passive = new(PassiveHealthChecks)
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad duration value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.HealthChecks.Passive.UnhealthyLatency = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "flush_interval":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if fi, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val()); err == nil {
					h.FlushInterval = caddy.Duration(fi)
				} else {
					dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
					if err != nil {
						return d.Errf("bad duration value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
					}
					h.FlushInterval = caddy.Duration(dur)
				}

			case "buffer_requests":
				if d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				h.BufferRequests = true

			case "buffer_responses":
				if d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				h.BufferResponses = true

			case "max_buffer_size":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				size, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid size (bytes): %s", d.Val())
				}
				if d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				h.MaxBufferSize = int64(size)

			case "trusted_proxies":
				for d.NextArg() {
					if d.Val() == "private_ranges" {
						h.TrustedProxies = append(h.TrustedProxies, []string{
							"192.168.0.0/16",
							"172.16.0.0/12",
							"10.0.0.0/8",
							"127.0.0.1/8",
							"fd00::/8",
							"::1",
						}...)
						continue
					}
					h.TrustedProxies = append(h.TrustedProxies, d.Val())
				}

			case "header_up":
				var err error

				if h.Headers == nil {
					h.Headers = new(headers.Handler)
				}
				if h.Headers.Request == nil {
					h.Headers.Request = new(headers.HeaderOps)
				}
				args := d.RemainingArgs()

				switch len(args) {
				case 1:
					err = headers.CaddyfileHeaderOp(h.Headers.Request, args[0], "", "")
				case 2:
					// some lint checks, I guess
					if strings.EqualFold(args[0], "host") && (args[1] == "{hostport}" || args[1] == "{http.request.hostport}") {
						caddy.Log().Named("caddyfile").Warn("Unnecessary header_up Host: the reverse proxy's default behavior is to pass headers to the upstream")
					}
					if strings.EqualFold(args[0], "x-forwarded-for") && (args[1] == "{remote}" || args[1] == "{http.request.remote}" || args[1] == "{remote_host}" || args[1] == "{http.request.remote.host}") {
						caddy.Log().Named("caddyfile").Warn("Unnecessary header_up X-Forwarded-For: the reverse proxy's default behavior is to pass headers to the upstream")
					}
					if strings.EqualFold(args[0], "x-forwarded-proto") && (args[1] == "{scheme}" || args[1] == "{http.request.scheme}") {
						caddy.Log().Named("caddyfile").Warn("Unnecessary header_up X-Forwarded-Proto: the reverse proxy's default behavior is to pass headers to the upstream")
					}
					if strings.EqualFold(args[0], "x-forwarded-host") && (args[1] == "{host}" || args[1] == "{http.request.host}" || args[1] == "{hostport}" || args[1] == "{http.request.hostport}") {
						caddy.Log().Named("caddyfile").Warn("Unnecessary header_up X-Forwarded-Host: the reverse proxy's default behavior is to pass headers to the upstream")
					}
					err = headers.CaddyfileHeaderOp(h.Headers.Request, args[0], args[1], "")
				case 3:
					err = headers.CaddyfileHeaderOp(h.Headers.Request, args[0], args[1], args[2])
				default:
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

				if err != nil {
					return d.Err(err.Error())
				}

			case "header_down":
				var err error

				if h.Headers == nil {
					h.Headers = new(headers.Handler)
				}
				if h.Headers.Response == nil {
					h.Headers.Response = &headers.RespHeaderOps{
						HeaderOps: new(headers.HeaderOps),
					}
				}
				args := d.RemainingArgs()
				switch len(args) {
				case 1:
					err = headers.CaddyfileHeaderOp(h.Headers.Response.HeaderOps, args[0], "", "")
				case 2:
					err = headers.CaddyfileHeaderOp(h.Headers.Response.HeaderOps, args[0], args[1], "")
				case 3:
					err = headers.CaddyfileHeaderOp(h.Headers.Response.HeaderOps, args[0], args[1], args[2])
				default:
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

				if err != nil {
					return d.Err(err.Error())
				}

			case "method":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.Rewrite == nil {
					h.Rewrite = &rewrite.Rewrite{}
				}
				h.Rewrite.Method = d.Val()
				if d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

			case "rewrite":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.Rewrite == nil {
					h.Rewrite = &rewrite.Rewrite{}
				}
				h.Rewrite.URI = d.Val()
				if d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

			case "transport":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.TransportRaw != nil {
					return d.Err("transport already specified")
				}
				transportModuleName = d.Val()
				modID := "http.reverse_proxy.transport." + transportModuleName
				unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				rt, ok := unm.(http.RoundTripper)
				if !ok {
					return d.Errf("module %s (%T) is not a RoundTripper", modID, unm)
				}
				transport = rt

			case "handle_response":
				// delegate the parsing of handle_response to the caller,
				// since we need the httpcaddyfile.Helper to parse subroutes.
				// See h.FinalizeUnmarshalCaddyfile
				h.handleResponseSegments = append(h.handleResponseSegments, d.NewFromNextSegment())

			case "replace_status":
				args := d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(args) != 1 && len(args) != 2 {
					return d.Errf("must have one or two arguments: an optional response matcher, and a status code")
				}

				responseHandler := caddyhttp.ResponseHandler{}

				if len(args) == 2 {
					if !strings.HasPrefix(args[0], matcherPrefix) {
						return d.Errf("must use a named response matcher, starting with '@'")
					}
					foundMatcher, ok := h.responseMatchers[args[0]]
					if !ok {
						return d.Errf("no named response matcher defined with name '%s'", args[0][1:])
					}
					responseHandler.Match = &foundMatcher
					responseHandler.StatusCode = caddyhttp.WeakString(args[1])
				} else if len(args) == 1 {
					responseHandler.StatusCode = caddyhttp.WeakString(args[0])
				}

				// make sure there's no block, cause it doesn't make sense
				if d.NextBlock(1) {
					return d.Errf("cannot define routes for 'replace_status', use 'handle_response' instead.")
				}

				h.HandleResponse = append(
					h.HandleResponse,
					responseHandler,
				)

			default:
				return d.Errf("unrecognized subdirective %s", d.Val())
			}
		}
	}

	// if the scheme inferred from the backends' addresses is
	// HTTPS, we will need a non-nil transport to enable TLS,
	// or if H2C, to set the transport versions.
	if (commonScheme == "https" || commonScheme == "h2c") && transport == nil {
		transport = new(HTTPTransport)
		transportModuleName = "http"
	}

	// verify transport configuration, and finally encode it
	if transport != nil {
		if te, ok := transport.(TLSTransport); ok {
			if commonScheme == "https" && !te.TLSEnabled() {
				err := te.EnableTLS(new(TLSConfig))
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}
			if commonScheme == "http" && te.TLSEnabled() {
				return d.Errf("upstream address scheme is HTTP but transport is configured for HTTP+TLS (HTTPS)")
			}
			if te, ok := transport.(*HTTPTransport); ok && commonScheme == "h2c" {
				te.Versions = []string{"h2c", "2"}
			}
		} else if commonScheme == "https" {
			return d.Errf("upstreams are configured for HTTPS but transport module does not support TLS: %T", transport)
		}

		// no need to encode empty default transport
		if !reflect.DeepEqual(transport, new(HTTPTransport)) {
			h.TransportRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(transport, "protocol", transportModuleName, nil)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// FinalizeUnmarshalCaddyfile finalizes the Caddyfile parsing which
// requires having an httpcaddyfile.Helper to function, to parse subroutes.
func (h *Handler) FinalizeUnmarshalCaddyfile(helper httpcaddyfile.Helper) error {
	for _, d := range h.handleResponseSegments {
		// consume the "handle_response" token
		d.Next()
		args := d.RemainingArgs()

		// TODO: Remove this check at some point in the future
		if len(args) == 2 {
			return d.Errf("configuring 'handle_response' for status code replacement is no longer supported. Use 'replace_status' instead.")
		}

		if len(args) > 1 {
			return d.Errf("too many arguments for 'handle_response': %s", args)
		}

		var matcher *caddyhttp.ResponseMatcher
		if len(args) == 1 {
			// the first arg should always be a matcher.
			if !strings.HasPrefix(args[0], matcherPrefix) {
				return d.Errf("must use a named response matcher, starting with '@'")
			}

			foundMatcher, ok := h.responseMatchers[args[0]]
			if !ok {
				return d.Errf("no named response matcher defined with name '%s'", args[0][1:])
			}
			matcher = &foundMatcher
		}

		// parse the block as routes
		handler, err := httpcaddyfile.ParseSegmentAsSubroute(helper.WithDispenser(d.NewFromNextSegment()))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		subroute, ok := handler.(*caddyhttp.Subroute)
		if !ok {
			return helper.Errf("segment was not parsed as a subroute")
		}
		h.HandleResponse = append(
			h.HandleResponse,
			caddyhttp.ResponseHandler{
				Match:  matcher,
				Routes: subroute.Routes,
			},
		)
	}

	// move the handle_response entries without a matcher to the end.
	// we can't use sort.SliceStable because it will reorder the rest of the
	// entries which may be undesirable because we don't have a good
	// heuristic to use for sorting.
	withoutMatchers := []caddyhttp.ResponseHandler{}
	withMatchers := []caddyhttp.ResponseHandler{}
	for _, hr := range h.HandleResponse {
		if hr.Match == nil {
			withoutMatchers = append(withoutMatchers, hr)
		} else {
			withMatchers = append(withMatchers, hr)
		}
	}
	h.HandleResponse = append(withMatchers, withoutMatchers...)

	// clean up the bits we only needed for adapting
	h.handleResponseSegments = nil
	h.responseMatchers = nil

	return nil
}

// UnmarshalCaddyfile deserializes Caddyfile tokens into h.
//
//	transport http {
//	    read_buffer             <size>
//	    write_buffer            <size>
//	    max_response_header     <size>
//	    dial_timeout            <duration>
//	    dial_fallback_delay     <duration>
//	    response_header_timeout <duration>
//	    expect_continue_timeout <duration>
//	    resolvers               <resolvers...>
//	    tls
//	    tls_client_auth <automate_name> | <cert_file> <key_file>
//	    tls_insecure_skip_verify
//	    tls_timeout <duration>
//	    tls_trusted_ca_certs <cert_files...>
//	    tls_server_name <sni>
//	    tls_renegotiation <level>
//	    tls_except_ports <ports...>
//	    keepalive [off|<duration>]
//	    keepalive_interval <interval>
//	    keepalive_idle_conns <max_count>
//	    keepalive_idle_conns_per_host <count>
//	    versions <versions...>
//	    compression off
//	    max_conns_per_host <count>
//	    max_idle_conns_per_host <count>
//	}
func (h *HTTPTransport) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
	for d.Next() {
		for d.NextBlock(0) {
			switch d.Val() {
			case "read_buffer":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				size, err := humanize.ParseBytes(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid read buffer size '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.ReadBufferSize = int(size)

			case "write_buffer":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				size, err := humanize.ParseBytes(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid write buffer size '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.WriteBufferSize = int(size)

			case "read_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				timeout, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid read timeout duration '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.ReadTimeout = caddy.Duration(timeout)

			case "write_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				timeout, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid write timeout duration '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.WriteTimeout = caddy.Duration(timeout)

			case "max_response_header":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				size, err := humanize.ParseBytes(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("invalid max response header size '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.MaxResponseHeaderSize = int64(size)

			case "dial_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad timeout value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.DialTimeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "dial_fallback_delay":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad fallback delay value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.FallbackDelay = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "response_header_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad timeout value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.ResponseHeaderTimeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "expect_continue_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad timeout value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.ExpectContinueTimeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "resolvers":
				if h.Resolver == nil {
					h.Resolver = new(UpstreamResolver)
				}
				h.Resolver.Addresses = d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(h.Resolver.Addresses) == 0 {
					return d.Errf("must specify at least one resolver address")
				}

			case "tls":
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}

			case "tls_client_auth":
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}
				args := d.RemainingArgs()
				switch len(args) {
				case 1:
					h.TLS.ClientCertificateAutomate = args[0]
				case 2:
					h.TLS.ClientCertificateFile = args[0]
					h.TLS.ClientCertificateKeyFile = args[1]
				default:
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

			case "tls_insecure_skip_verify":
				if d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}
				h.TLS.InsecureSkipVerify = true

			case "tls_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad timeout value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}
				h.TLS.HandshakeTimeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "tls_trusted_ca_certs":
				args := d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(args) == 0 {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}
				h.TLS.RootCAPEMFiles = args

			case "tls_server_name":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}
				h.TLS.ServerName = d.Val()

			case "tls_renegotiation":
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				switch renegotiation := d.Val(); renegotiation {
				case "never", "once", "freely":
					h.TLS.Renegotiation = renegotiation
				default:
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

			case "tls_except_ports":
				if h.TLS == nil {
					h.TLS = new(TLSConfig)
				}
				h.TLS.ExceptPorts = d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(h.TLS.ExceptPorts) == 0 {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

			case "keepalive":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if h.KeepAlive == nil {
					h.KeepAlive = new(KeepAlive)
				}
				if d.Val() == "off" {
					var disable bool
					h.KeepAlive.Enabled = &disable
					break
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad duration value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.KeepAlive.IdleConnTimeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "keepalive_interval":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad interval value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				if h.KeepAlive == nil {
					h.KeepAlive = new(KeepAlive)
				}
				h.KeepAlive.ProbeInterval = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "keepalive_idle_conns":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				num, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad integer value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				if h.KeepAlive == nil {
					h.KeepAlive = new(KeepAlive)
				}
				h.KeepAlive.MaxIdleConns = num

			case "keepalive_idle_conns_per_host":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				num, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad integer value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				if h.KeepAlive == nil {
					h.KeepAlive = new(KeepAlive)
				}
				h.KeepAlive.MaxIdleConnsPerHost = num

			case "versions":
				h.Versions = d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(h.Versions) == 0 {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}

			case "compression":
				if d.NextArg() {
					if d.Val() == "off" {
						var disable bool
						h.Compression = &disable
					}
				}

			case "max_conns_per_host":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				num, err := strconv.Atoi(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad integer value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				h.MaxConnsPerHost = num

			default:
				return d.Errf("unrecognized subdirective %s", d.Val())
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func parseCopyResponseCaddyfile(h httpcaddyfile.Helper) (caddyhttp.MiddlewareHandler, error) {
	crh := new(CopyResponseHandler)
	err := crh.UnmarshalCaddyfile(h.Dispenser)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return crh, nil
}

// UnmarshalCaddyfile sets up the handler from Caddyfile tokens. Syntax:
//
//	copy_response [<matcher>] [<status>] {
//	    status <status>
//	}
func (h *CopyResponseHandler) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
	for d.Next() {
		args := d.RemainingArgs()
		if len(args) == 1 {
			if num, err := strconv.Atoi(args[0]); err == nil && num > 0 {
				h.StatusCode = caddyhttp.WeakString(args[0])
				break
			}
		}

		for d.NextBlock(0) {
			switch d.Val() {
			case "status":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				h.StatusCode = caddyhttp.WeakString(d.Val())
			default:
				return d.Errf("unrecognized subdirective '%s'", d.Val())
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func parseCopyResponseHeadersCaddyfile(h httpcaddyfile.Helper) (caddyhttp.MiddlewareHandler, error) {
	crh := new(CopyResponseHeadersHandler)
	err := crh.UnmarshalCaddyfile(h.Dispenser)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return crh, nil
}

// UnmarshalCaddyfile sets up the handler from Caddyfile tokens. Syntax:
//
//	copy_response_headers [<matcher>] {
//	    include <fields...>
//	    exclude <fields...>
//	}
func (h *CopyResponseHeadersHandler) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
	for d.Next() {
		args := d.RemainingArgs()
		if len(args) > 0 {
			return d.ArgErr()
		}

		for d.NextBlock(0) {
			switch d.Val() {
			case "include":
				h.Include = append(h.Include, d.RemainingArgs()...)

			case "exclude":
				h.Exclude = append(h.Exclude, d.RemainingArgs()...)

			default:
				return d.Errf("unrecognized subdirective '%s'", d.Val())
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// UnmarshalCaddyfile deserializes Caddyfile tokens into h.
//
//	dynamic srv [<name>] {
//	    service             <service>
//	    proto               <proto>
//	    name                <name>
//	    refresh             <interval>
//	    resolvers           <resolvers...>
//	    dial_timeout        <timeout>
//	    dial_fallback_delay <timeout>
//	}
func (u *SRVUpstreams) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
	for d.Next() {
		args := d.RemainingArgs()
		if len(args) > 1 {
			return d.ArgErr()
		}
		if len(args) > 0 {
			u.Name = args[0]
		}

		for d.NextBlock(0) {
			switch d.Val() {
			case "service":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if u.Service != "" {
					return d.Errf("srv service has already been specified")
				}
				u.Service = d.Val()

			case "proto":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if u.Proto != "" {
					return d.Errf("srv proto has already been specified")
				}
				u.Proto = d.Val()

			case "name":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if u.Name != "" {
					return d.Errf("srv name has already been specified")
				}
				u.Name = d.Val()

			case "refresh":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("parsing refresh interval duration: %v", err)
				}
				u.Refresh = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "resolvers":
				if u.Resolver == nil {
					u.Resolver = new(UpstreamResolver)
				}
				u.Resolver.Addresses = d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(u.Resolver.Addresses) == 0 {
					return d.Errf("must specify at least one resolver address")
				}

			case "dial_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad timeout value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				u.DialTimeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "dial_fallback_delay":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad delay value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				u.FallbackDelay = caddy.Duration(dur)

			default:
				return d.Errf("unrecognized srv option '%s'", d.Val())
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// UnmarshalCaddyfile deserializes Caddyfile tokens into h.
//
//	dynamic a [<name> <port] {
//	    name                <name>
//	    port                <port>
//	    refresh             <interval>
//	    resolvers           <resolvers...>
//	    dial_timeout        <timeout>
//	    dial_fallback_delay <timeout>
//	}
func (u *AUpstreams) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
	for d.Next() {
		args := d.RemainingArgs()
		if len(args) > 2 {
			return d.ArgErr()
		}
		if len(args) > 0 {
			u.Name = args[0]
			if len(args) == 2 {
				u.Port = args[1]
			}
		}

		for d.NextBlock(0) {
			switch d.Val() {
			case "name":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if u.Name != "" {
					return d.Errf("a name has already been specified")
				}
				u.Name = d.Val()

			case "port":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				if u.Port != "" {
					return d.Errf("a port has already been specified")
				}
				u.Port = d.Val()

			case "refresh":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("parsing refresh interval duration: %v", err)
				}
				u.Refresh = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "resolvers":
				if u.Resolver == nil {
					u.Resolver = new(UpstreamResolver)
				}
				u.Resolver.Addresses = d.RemainingArgs()
				if len(u.Resolver.Addresses) == 0 {
					return d.Errf("must specify at least one resolver address")
				}

			case "dial_timeout":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad timeout value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				u.DialTimeout = caddy.Duration(dur)

			case "dial_fallback_delay":
				if !d.NextArg() {
					return d.ArgErr()
				}
				dur, err := caddy.ParseDuration(d.Val())
				if err != nil {
					return d.Errf("bad delay value '%s': %v", d.Val(), err)
				}
				u.FallbackDelay = caddy.Duration(dur)

			default:
				return d.Errf("unrecognized srv option '%s'", d.Val())
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// UnmarshalCaddyfile deserializes Caddyfile tokens into h.
//
//	dynamic multi {
//	    <source> [...]
//	}
func (u *MultiUpstreams) UnmarshalCaddyfile(d *caddyfile.Dispenser) error {
	for d.Next() {
		if d.NextArg() {
			return d.ArgErr()
		}

		for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextBlock(nesting); {
			dynModule := d.Val()
			modID := "http.reverse_proxy.upstreams." + dynModule
			unm, err := caddyfile.UnmarshalModule(d, modID)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			source, ok := unm.(UpstreamSource)
			if !ok {
				return d.Errf("module %s (%T) is not an UpstreamSource", modID, unm)
			}
			u.SourcesRaw = append(u.SourcesRaw, caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(source, "source", dynModule, nil))
		}
	}

	return nil
}

const matcherPrefix = "@"

// Interface guards
var (
	_ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*Handler)(nil)
	_ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*HTTPTransport)(nil)
	_ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*SRVUpstreams)(nil)
	_ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*AUpstreams)(nil)
	_ caddyfile.Unmarshaler = (*MultiUpstreams)(nil)
)